IAAP CPACC Exam 2023 Solved 100%

Medical Model - ANSWER-Disability as a problem of the person, directly caused by disease, trauma, or other health condition which therefore requires sustained medical care provided in the form of individual treatment by professionals. ~ Management is aimed at a cure, or individual adjustment and behavioral change ~ Medical care viewed as main issue ~ Political response is to reform healthcare Strengths: Addresses biological sources of disabilities through cures or medical management. Weaknesses: Treats disability as a problem or inherent characteristic of the indvidual, overlooks broader sociopolitical constraints imposed by unwelcoming or inaccessible environments. Social Model - ANSWER-Views disability as a socially created problem, a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. Disability is a complex collection of conditions, many of which are created by the social environment. ~ Social action ~ Society needs to make environmental modifications ~ Cultural and ideological ~ Large-scale cultural change ~ Equal access as a human rights issue Strengths: Focuses on disabling conditions in the environment and makes clear they are not solely a characteristic of individual's "broken" body. Encourages design to accommodate a wide range of human characteristics and abilities. Weaknesses: Downplays the embodied aspects of disabilities too much, push for social justice puts activists at odds with other political interests, antagonizes relationships, creates resolute political adversaries. Economic Model - ANSWER-Defines disability by a person's inability to work. Assesses degree to which impairment affect's individual productivity and economic consequences for individual, employer, and state. ~ Loss of earnings for/payment for assistance by individual ~ Lower profit margins for employer ~ State welfare payments Strengths: Recognizes the affect of bodily limitations on a person's ability to work and for economic support and/or accommodation. Weaknesses: Creates a legally-defined category of people who are "needy", stigmatizing for people with disabilities, if individual's do not meet legal threshold may not receive needed support. Functional Solutions Model - ANSWER-Practical perspective that identifies limitations ("functional impairments") due to disability, intent to create and promote solutions to overcome limitations. ~ Eliminate/reduce impact of functional limitations ~ Deemphasizes sociopolitical aspects ~ Prioritizes inventiveness and entrepreneurship Strengths: Results-oriented, seeks to provide solutions to real-world challenges, side steps convoluted sociopolitical implications of disability. Weaknesses: Entrepreneurs often miss the mark, profit driven entrepreneurism may lead to innovations of more benefit to the entrepreneur than target population, deemphasis of socioeconomic issues may lead innovators to ignore most important aspects of the original problem. Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model - ANSWER-Refers to sense of deriving personal identity from membership within a group of like-minded individuals. Strengths: Accepts disability completely, pride in being associated with others in a similar condition. Weaknesses: Sense of belonging to one group may be counterbalanced by sense of exclusion by those who don't quite fit group's expectations. Charity Model - ANSWER-Regards people with disabilities as unfortunate and in need of assistance from outside. ~ Benevolent contributors to a needy population Strengths: Can inspire people to contribute time and resources when genuinely needed. Weaknesses: Can be condescending to people with disabilities, often focuses on short-term immediate needs at expense or more comprehensive, effective, long-term solutions. Color Blindness Demographics - ANSWER-~ 8% of males ~ 0.4% of females Blindness Demographics - ANSWER-~ 0.5% of world population, 39 million people ~ 82% of people who are blind aged 50+