Toepassing van Onderzoeksmethoden en
Statistiek
Inhoud
Kennismaken met Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistiek – Correlationeel Onderzoek ............................ 4
P 189-227 Carr: Hoofdstuk 7 – survey research ................................................................................... 11
P 203-227 Carr: Hoofdstuk 8 – bivariate correlational research .......................................................... 18
H4: 4.4, 4.5, 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.6.5, 4.6.6, 4.6.7, 4.8 Field........................................................................... 21
Histograms ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Boxplots ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Simple bar charts for independent means ....................................................................................... 22
Clustered bar charts for independent means ................................................................................... 22
Line charts ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Graphing relationships: the scatterplot ............................................................................................ 23
H5: 5.3-5.5, 5.8 Field ............................................................................................................................. 24
Spotting bias ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Reducing bias .................................................................................................................................... 26
H8: 8.3, 8.4, 8.4.1, 8.4.2 Field ............................................................................................................... 31
Bias in regression models? ................................................................................................................ 31
Regression using SPSS: one predictor ............................................................................................... 36
Grasple C0d ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Les ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 37
Oefeningen........................................................................................................................................ 37
Hoorcollege 1 – 7-2-2023...................................................................................................................... 39
Grasple C1b ........................................................................................................................................... 42
Grasple C1f ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Les ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 43
Hoorcollege 2 – 9-2-2023...................................................................................................................... 44
Werkgroep 1 – 10-2-2023 ..................................................................................................................... 49
P 499-500 Carr ...................................................................................................................................... 52
H18: 18.9-18.12 Field ............................................................................................................................ 53
Grasple C2c ........................................................................................................................................... 54
1
,Grasple C2d ........................................................................................................................................... 55
Grasple C2e ........................................................................................................................................... 56
H9: 9.2, 9.3, 9.7, 9.8, 9.10-9.10.3 en 9.14 Field .................................................................................... 57
P 248-260 Carr ...................................................................................................................................... 59
Hoorcollege 3 – 14-2-2023.................................................................................................................... 60
P 153-166 Carr – Hoofdstuk 6: surveys and observations: describing what people do ....................... 67
Grasple C2a ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Les ..................................................................................................................................................... 68
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 71
Oefeningen........................................................................................................................................ 71
Grasple C2i ............................................................................................................................................ 72
Hoorcollege 4 – 16-2-2023.................................................................................................................... 74
Grasple learning check – correlational research................................................................................... 78
H12: 12.1-12.5, 12.9 en 12.10 Field ...................................................................................................... 79
Werkgroep 2 – 24-2-2023 ..................................................................................................................... 81
Bayes Tutorial P 10-12 .......................................................................................................................... 84
P 277-282 Carr – Hoofdstuk 10: introduction to simple experiments .................................................. 86
P 292-294 Carr – Hoofdstuk 10: introduction to simple experiments .................................................. 87
P 323-359 Carr – Hoofdstuk 11: more on experiments: confounding and obscuring variables........... 88
Hoorcollege 6 – 28-2-2023.................................................................................................................... 96
Grasple E1b ......................................................................................................................................... 100
Grasple E1c.......................................................................................................................................... 101
Grasple E1d ......................................................................................................................................... 102
Grasple E1f .......................................................................................................................................... 103
Hoorcollege 7 – 2-3-2023.................................................................................................................... 104
Bayes Tutorial P 20-28 ........................................................................................................................ 109
Bayes Tutorial P 31-37 ........................................................................................................................ 114
P 401-415 Carr – Hoofdstuk 13: quasi-experiments and small-N designs .......................................... 118
P 363-383 Carr – Hoofdstuk 12: experiments with more than one independent variable ................ 119
Hoorcollege 8 – 7-3-2023.................................................................................................................... 120
Hoorcollege 9 – 9-3-2023.................................................................................................................... 127
Grasple E2a ......................................................................................................................................... 132
Grasple E2c.......................................................................................................................................... 133
Werkgroep 3 – 10-3-2023 ................................................................................................................... 136
Hoorcollege 10 – 14-3-2023................................................................................................................ 138
P. 114 – 133 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 140
2
,P. 150 – 168 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 144
P. 176 – 189 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 150
P. 542 – 543 (H16) ............................................................................................................................... 154
P. 309 – 311 (H10) ............................................................................................................................... 155
KOM slides over coderen en ethiek .................................................................................................... 156
Hoorcollege 11 – 16-3-2023................................................................................................................ 164
Werkgroep 4 – 17-3-2023 ................................................................................................................... 170
P. 271 – 274 (Bohm) ............................................................................................................................ 172
Grasple K0b ......................................................................................................................................... 174
Hoorcollege 12 – 21-3-2023................................................................................................................ 175
Grasple K1b ......................................................................................................................................... 183
Grasple K1c ......................................................................................................................................... 184
Korstjens & Moser (2016) ................................................................................................................... 185
P. 264 – 270 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 188
P. 270 – 276 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 190
P. 42 – 45 (Probst) ............................................................................................................................... 193
Hoorcollege 13 – 23-3-2023................................................................................................................ 194
Hoorcollege 14 – 28-3-2023................................................................................................................ 198
Werkgroep 5 – 31-3-2023 ................................................................................................................... 202
Grasple K2a ......................................................................................................................................... 203
Learning check .................................................................................................................................... 204
Hoorcollege 15 – 4-4-2023.................................................................................................................. 205
3
, Kennismaken met Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistiek – Correlationeel
Onderzoek
Kenmerken wetenschappelijk onderzoek
- Empirisch = gebaseerd op systematische waarnemingen
- Controleerbaar
- Probabilistisch
Empirische onderzoekcyclus
➔
Theorie = een geheel van denkbeelden, hypothesen en verklaringen die in onderlinge samenhang
worden beschreven/een getoetst model ter verklaring van waarnemingen van de werkelijkheid
➔ Falsifieerbaar
➔ Spaarzaam (parsimonious)
Onderzoeksvragen
➔ Twee soorten
o Fundamenteel (basic)
o Toegepast (applied)
➔ De onderzoeksvraag leidt tot een onderzoeksontwerp
o Wat voor soort empirische gegevens worden verzameld?
o Kwalitatieve of kwantitatieve gegevens?
o Bij wie worden empirische gegevens verzameld?
Correlationeel onderzoek = relaties tussen eigenschappen
➔ Onderzoeksvraag (PAC)
o Population (populatie) = de groep mensen (of dieren of objecten) die de
onderzoeker wil onderzoeken
o Association (verband/relatie) = de onderzoeker geeft aan wat voor soort relatie er
verwacht wordt
o Constructs (theoretische begrippen) = de kenmerken die de onderzoeker van de
mensen wil weten en meten en waartussen er een verband verwacht wordt
Survey = vragenlijst/enquête (om gedrag of opinies te meten)
- Op papier/via internet/via de telefoon
4
Statistiek
Inhoud
Kennismaken met Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistiek – Correlationeel Onderzoek ............................ 4
P 189-227 Carr: Hoofdstuk 7 – survey research ................................................................................... 11
P 203-227 Carr: Hoofdstuk 8 – bivariate correlational research .......................................................... 18
H4: 4.4, 4.5, 4.6.1, 4.6.2, 4.6.5, 4.6.6, 4.6.7, 4.8 Field........................................................................... 21
Histograms ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Boxplots ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Simple bar charts for independent means ....................................................................................... 22
Clustered bar charts for independent means ................................................................................... 22
Line charts ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Graphing relationships: the scatterplot ............................................................................................ 23
H5: 5.3-5.5, 5.8 Field ............................................................................................................................. 24
Spotting bias ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Reducing bias .................................................................................................................................... 26
H8: 8.3, 8.4, 8.4.1, 8.4.2 Field ............................................................................................................... 31
Bias in regression models? ................................................................................................................ 31
Regression using SPSS: one predictor ............................................................................................... 36
Grasple C0d ........................................................................................................................................... 37
Les ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 37
Oefeningen........................................................................................................................................ 37
Hoorcollege 1 – 7-2-2023...................................................................................................................... 39
Grasple C1b ........................................................................................................................................... 42
Grasple C1f ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Les ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 43
Hoorcollege 2 – 9-2-2023...................................................................................................................... 44
Werkgroep 1 – 10-2-2023 ..................................................................................................................... 49
P 499-500 Carr ...................................................................................................................................... 52
H18: 18.9-18.12 Field ............................................................................................................................ 53
Grasple C2c ........................................................................................................................................... 54
1
,Grasple C2d ........................................................................................................................................... 55
Grasple C2e ........................................................................................................................................... 56
H9: 9.2, 9.3, 9.7, 9.8, 9.10-9.10.3 en 9.14 Field .................................................................................... 57
P 248-260 Carr ...................................................................................................................................... 59
Hoorcollege 3 – 14-2-2023.................................................................................................................... 60
P 153-166 Carr – Hoofdstuk 6: surveys and observations: describing what people do ....................... 67
Grasple C2a ........................................................................................................................................... 68
Les ..................................................................................................................................................... 68
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 71
Oefeningen........................................................................................................................................ 71
Grasple C2i ............................................................................................................................................ 72
Hoorcollege 4 – 16-2-2023.................................................................................................................... 74
Grasple learning check – correlational research................................................................................... 78
H12: 12.1-12.5, 12.9 en 12.10 Field ...................................................................................................... 79
Werkgroep 2 – 24-2-2023 ..................................................................................................................... 81
Bayes Tutorial P 10-12 .......................................................................................................................... 84
P 277-282 Carr – Hoofdstuk 10: introduction to simple experiments .................................................. 86
P 292-294 Carr – Hoofdstuk 10: introduction to simple experiments .................................................. 87
P 323-359 Carr – Hoofdstuk 11: more on experiments: confounding and obscuring variables........... 88
Hoorcollege 6 – 28-2-2023.................................................................................................................... 96
Grasple E1b ......................................................................................................................................... 100
Grasple E1c.......................................................................................................................................... 101
Grasple E1d ......................................................................................................................................... 102
Grasple E1f .......................................................................................................................................... 103
Hoorcollege 7 – 2-3-2023.................................................................................................................... 104
Bayes Tutorial P 20-28 ........................................................................................................................ 109
Bayes Tutorial P 31-37 ........................................................................................................................ 114
P 401-415 Carr – Hoofdstuk 13: quasi-experiments and small-N designs .......................................... 118
P 363-383 Carr – Hoofdstuk 12: experiments with more than one independent variable ................ 119
Hoorcollege 8 – 7-3-2023.................................................................................................................... 120
Hoorcollege 9 – 9-3-2023.................................................................................................................... 127
Grasple E2a ......................................................................................................................................... 132
Grasple E2c.......................................................................................................................................... 133
Werkgroep 3 – 10-3-2023 ................................................................................................................... 136
Hoorcollege 10 – 14-3-2023................................................................................................................ 138
P. 114 – 133 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 140
2
,P. 150 – 168 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 144
P. 176 – 189 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 150
P. 542 – 543 (H16) ............................................................................................................................... 154
P. 309 – 311 (H10) ............................................................................................................................... 155
KOM slides over coderen en ethiek .................................................................................................... 156
Hoorcollege 11 – 16-3-2023................................................................................................................ 164
Werkgroep 4 – 17-3-2023 ................................................................................................................... 170
P. 271 – 274 (Bohm) ............................................................................................................................ 172
Grasple K0b ......................................................................................................................................... 174
Hoorcollege 12 – 21-3-2023................................................................................................................ 175
Grasple K1b ......................................................................................................................................... 183
Grasple K1c ......................................................................................................................................... 184
Korstjens & Moser (2016) ................................................................................................................... 185
P. 264 – 270 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 188
P. 270 – 276 (Ritchie en Lewis) ........................................................................................................... 190
P. 42 – 45 (Probst) ............................................................................................................................... 193
Hoorcollege 13 – 23-3-2023................................................................................................................ 194
Hoorcollege 14 – 28-3-2023................................................................................................................ 198
Werkgroep 5 – 31-3-2023 ................................................................................................................... 202
Grasple K2a ......................................................................................................................................... 203
Learning check .................................................................................................................................... 204
Hoorcollege 15 – 4-4-2023.................................................................................................................. 205
3
, Kennismaken met Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistiek – Correlationeel
Onderzoek
Kenmerken wetenschappelijk onderzoek
- Empirisch = gebaseerd op systematische waarnemingen
- Controleerbaar
- Probabilistisch
Empirische onderzoekcyclus
➔
Theorie = een geheel van denkbeelden, hypothesen en verklaringen die in onderlinge samenhang
worden beschreven/een getoetst model ter verklaring van waarnemingen van de werkelijkheid
➔ Falsifieerbaar
➔ Spaarzaam (parsimonious)
Onderzoeksvragen
➔ Twee soorten
o Fundamenteel (basic)
o Toegepast (applied)
➔ De onderzoeksvraag leidt tot een onderzoeksontwerp
o Wat voor soort empirische gegevens worden verzameld?
o Kwalitatieve of kwantitatieve gegevens?
o Bij wie worden empirische gegevens verzameld?
Correlationeel onderzoek = relaties tussen eigenschappen
➔ Onderzoeksvraag (PAC)
o Population (populatie) = de groep mensen (of dieren of objecten) die de
onderzoeker wil onderzoeken
o Association (verband/relatie) = de onderzoeker geeft aan wat voor soort relatie er
verwacht wordt
o Constructs (theoretische begrippen) = de kenmerken die de onderzoeker van de
mensen wil weten en meten en waartussen er een verband verwacht wordt
Survey = vragenlijst/enquête (om gedrag of opinies te meten)
- Op papier/via internet/via de telefoon
4
