Nuclear Medicine Board review-732 Questions with Complete Solutions 2023

Nuclear Medicine Board review -732 Questions with Complete Solutions 2023 U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) - CORRECT ANSWER what agency is responsible for regulation of the purchase, receipt, use, and disposal of radioactive materials Agreement State - CORRECT ANSWER a state that accepts responsibility for the regulation of all radioactive materials Federal facilities (ex. VA hospitals and military installations) - CORRECT ANSWER Which facilities in agreement states are still regulated by the NRC? A facility license - CORRECT ANSWER How is authorized use of radioactive material in humans granted by the NRC/state agency Authorized Users - CORRECT ANSWER who are responsible for supervising individuals working with radioactive material, determining radiation safety procedures and establishing dosage activity ranges U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) - CORRECT ANSWER what agency controls the packaging and interstate movement of hazardous materials including radioactivity Type A - CORRECT ANSWER type of package adequate for normal transport Type B - CORRECT ANSWER type of package that is more accident resistant and is used for very large quantities of radioactive materials transport index - CORRECT ANSWER the dose rate measured at 1 meter from the surface of the package and must appear on the label White I - CORRECT ANSWER no more than 0.5 mR/hr at contact and no detectable radioactivity at 1 meter Yellow II - CORRECT ANSWER no more that 50 mR/hr at contact and no more than 1 mR/hr at 1 meter Yellow III - CORRECT ANSWER no more than 200 mR/hr at contact and no more than 10 mR/hr at 1 meter U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - CORRECT ANSWER what agency regulates and monitors the manufacture, distribution, safety, and effectiv eness of radiopharmaceuticals drugs that have new drug authorization (NDA) - CORRECT ANSWER what are the only approved radiopharmaceuticals that can be distributed for sale in the US investigational new drug (IND) - CORRECT ANSWER a drug that is under in vestigation by the FDA and may only be used on patients under very controlled conditions an informed written consent - CORRECT ANSWER what must a patient receive prior to receiving an IND time, distance, shielding - CORRECT ANSWER factors in reducing radiation exposure total dose=(dose rate)(time) - CORRECT ANSWER equation for total radiation dose for amount of exposure time inverse square law - CORRECT ANSWER the radiation dose rate from a small -volume radiation source varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source is known as 1/4 the original - CORRECT ANSWER when doubling distance from a source how much is dose rate reduced 4 times the original - CORRECT ANSWER when distance from source is halved how much is the dose rate increased (I1)(D1)^2=(I2)(D2)^2 I1=dose rate at distance D1 from source and I2 is dose rate at distance D2 from source - CORRECT ANSWER equation for the inverse square law plastic - CORRECT ANSWER shielding that absorbs beta particles lead sheilding - CORRECT ANSWER what should not be used on beta particles such as P-32 and Sr -89 it will cause bremsstrahlung radiation - CORRECT ANSWER why should lead shielding not be used on P -32 or Sr -89 bremss trahlung - CORRECT ANSWER radiation that results from the deceleration of the beta particles as they approach the nuclei of the lead atoms in the sheild lose energy and and are released as xrays - CORRECT ANSWER what happens when beta particles slow down lead, leaded glass, and tungsten - CORRECT ANSWER shielding used to reduce x and gamma rays half-value layer (HVL) - CORRECT ANSWER the ability of a material to absorb/attenuate x and gamma rays and the thickness of material that id required to reduce radiation intensity to half its original film badges, thermoluminescent dosimeter, optically st imulated luminescence dosimeter, pocket ionization chambers - CORRECT ANSWER types of dosimeters film badges - CORRECT ANSWER dosimeter that has strip of film between a set of filters that can assess the energy range and penetration of radiation and can a lso be exposed to beta particles and low energy photons. can measure 0.1 mSv -several SV of radiation. Should be changed monthly. thermoluminescent - CORRECT ANSWER dosimeter that uses lithium fluoride crystals that emits a quantity of light proportional t o the amount of radiation absorbed, more expensive but not effected by head or environmental changes, changed 2 -3 months optically stimulated luminescence doismeter - CORRECT ANSWER dosimeter that uses thin slice of aluminum oxide to detect radiation expo sure and a laser is used to read the badge. heat, moisture, and aging resistant. more sensitive and changed every 3 months pocket ionization chamber - CORRECT ANSWER dosimeter that gives immediate radiation exposure measurements, more expensive and requir e careful handling total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) - CORRECT ANSWER the sum of the deep dose equivalent and the committed effective dose equivalent and is known as general exposure measurement deep dose equivalent (DDE) - CORRECT ANSWER exposure t o the internal organs from external sources is known as committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) - CORRECT ANSWER exposure to internal organs from internal sources is known as shallow dose equivalent (SDE) - CORRECT ANSWER exposure to the skin or any appendage is known as 50 mSv 5 rem - CORRECT ANSWER whole body TEDE annual occupational exposure 150 mSv 15 rem - CORRECT ANSWER lens of eye (LDE) annual occupational exposure 500 mSv 50 rem - CORRECT ANSWER any organ or tissue TEDE annual occupational e xposure 500 mSv 50 rem - CORRECT ANSWER skin or extremity TEDE annual occupational exposure 1 mSv 0.1 rem - CORRECT ANSWER member of the general public annual exposure 5 mSv 0.5 rem - CORRECT ANSWER embryo/fetus of occupation worker exposure during course of pregnancy bioassay - CORRECT ANSWER any measurement of radioactivity that has been internalized by an individual external counting or counting blood, urine, other bodily fluids - CORRECT ANSWER how is a bioassay done thyroid uptake - CORRECT ANSWER what is required if there is possible inhalation of of volatile radionuclides that exceed NRC limits 0.02 mSv/hr 2 mrem/hr - CORRECT ANSWER unrestricted area dose rate Cauti on: radioactive material - CORRECT ANSWER sign used in area where certain quantities of radioactive material is used/stored - entrances to work area and labs, potential presence of radiation sources/contamination, where ingestion of food/drinks is strictly prohibited, no smoking or application of cosmetics. Caution: radiation area - CORRECT ANSWER signs used in areas that ann individual could receive more than 0.05 mSv (5 mrem)/hour at 30 cm and commonly seen at enterances of nuclear medicine labs Caution: high radiation area - CORRECT ANSWER signs used in areas where an individual could receive more than 1 mSv (100 mrem)/hr at 30 cm and commonly seen where radiation therapy is performed Grave danger: very high radiation area - CORRECT ANSWER signs used in areas where an individual could receive more than 5 Gy (500 rad)/hr at 1 meter and is not common in hospital setting within 3 hours of reciept - CORRECT ANSWER in what time frame should a package be surveyed exceeding 22 dpm/cm^2 - CORRECT ANSWER when s hould a wipe test be reported to NRC and RSO efficiency= net cm/dpm - CORRECT ANSWER equation for well counter efficiency