NUR 265 Exam 1 107 Questions And Answers.

What is nephrotic syndrome? - Correct Answer -A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted. What are key features of nephrotic syndrome? - Correct Answer --*Massive proteinuria* - *Hypoalbuminemia* - *Edema (facial and periorbital )* - Lipiduria - Hyperlipidemia - Increased coagulation - Reduced kidney function In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what? - Correct Answer - 3.5g in 24 hours What is nephrotic syndrome treated with? - Correct Answer -- immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based). - ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine ) - statins (improve blood lipid levels ). - Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function ) Describe the "risk" stage for AKI - Correct Answer -creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced by 25% Describe the "injury" stage for AKI - Correct Answer -creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50% Describe the "failure" stage for AKI - Correct Answer -creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix) Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples. - Correct Answer -Decreased perfusion to kidneys. - NSAIDs - Severe dehydration - Renal artery stenosis - MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output - Blood/ fluid loss Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples. - Correct Answer -Tissue damage to the actual kidneys. - Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli - Sepsis - Intrarenal bleeding - Pyelonephritis Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples. - Correct Answer -Obstruction that occurs after the kidney. - Enlarged prostate (BPH ) - Bladder Cancer - Kidney stones How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)? - Correct Answer - Systolic + (Diastolic*2) / 3 What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys? - Correct Answer -65 mmHg What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs? - Correct Answer --NSAIDS - Metformin - Diuretics - Antibiotics (especially -mycin ) - Contrast dye During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored? - Correct Answer -Watch for dehydration and make sure output is greater than input What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient? - Correct Answer --Low protein - Low sodium - Fluid restriction: mL day (for anything except perfusion problem ) What are the 2 most common causes of CKD? - Correct Answer --HTN - Uncontrolled diabetes What is azotemia? - Correct Answer -Nitrogenous waste build up What are manifestations of uremia? - Correct Answer -•Metallic taste in mouth •Anorexia •Nausea/vomiting •Muscle cramps •Uremic frost on skin •Itching •Fatigue and lethargy •Hiccups •Edema •Dyspnea •Paresthesia's What effects can CKD have on the cardiac system - Correct Answer --HTN - Heart failure (major problem. Call the doctor ) - Pericarditis What effects can CKD have on the Integumentary system - Correct Answer -- Uremic fros