Vikings: Reasons Vikings: Experiences Vikings: Impact
- In 865, the Viking army landed in East Anglia. They - The Vikings (Danes) told a lot of sagas. - The Vikings spoke Old Norse.
believed that if they fight and win then God, ODIN, - They played traditional Viking games, such as - Things were public meetings of free men where laws were decided by
will reward them after death. chess and played music with harps. voting – some of which were based on the 10 commandments.
- Hence, they captured the heavily fortified city of York, - They built homes made from timbers.
- Edward and Athelstan took control of the - No. of blacksmiths increased in York – became a rich-trading post.
and it used it as a base to conquer.
Danelaw, the whole of England was under - Street manes such as Cooper-Gate (Cup-maker’s gate) developed.
- Its roads and rivers made it easier to move quickly.
Anglo-Saxon control. - Thor’s Day = Thursday
- Many rulers fled until only Wessex was left, ruled by
- Even though, the King was paying them - As a result, Vikings had a huge impact on culture, language and on
King Alfred. Danegeld to stop. economy.
- The Treaty of Wedmore was signed where the border - He was worried that the Danes may rebel.
Danelaw was created. Normans: Reasons
- So, he ordered for them to be massacred – St.
Nature of Medieval England and English Society Brice’s Day massacre. - Normans wanted to INVADE England to gain more land nearby –
(9thcentury) increasing the tax the king was receiving.
- English had rich mineral deposits of lead and iron. - England had fertile land and owned more trading businesses
- These were used to construct building and to make tools. such as silver.
- Fertile land meant crops grew well. c800 – c1500: - King Edward the Confessor died. He had promised the throne to
- Sheep produces high-quality wool essential for cloth- Migration in medieval Harold Godwinson and was crowned King by 1064.
making. England - In 1064, Harold Godwinson made a solemn promise with
- Trade routed inland with Europe were established. William Duke of Normandy that he would be King when
- Most people started to live in villages, population in the Edward died.
Vikings & Normans - The Pope supported him in this, and William Duke of
fortified towns grew in number and established trading
centres. Normandy was crowned King by 1066.
- Many monasteries and abbeys were extremely wealth, Normans: Experience
owning hundreds of gold objects. Normans: Impact
- Most Normans experienced hostility and resentment from the
Christianity - The Normans built 1000s of churches, Saxons.
- England gradually adopted Christianity. cathedrals, and monasteries – financed by - William ordered the Saxons to build castles for the Normans.
- By 1066, it was a Christian Country. the Jews.
- Scholars and clergy moved freely between England and - Since, the Church was important the clergy - Harrying of the North – the Normans burned crops and killed
had more authority and influence. livestock. It acted as a warning never to rebel again.
Europe – England became part of Christendom.
- No. of monks and nuns increased (400%), - The Feudal system ensured that the Normans, barons, and knights –
Government between 1066-1500. held positions of authority over the Saxons – hierarchical.
- Anglo-Saxo people were originally divided into many small - As a result, Normans had a huge impact on
kingdoms – Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Kent, and East government, society and on economy. - Land in England was now totally owned by the King. He kept some
Anglia. for himself.
- Kings had ultimate authority in their kingdoms. - They kept record of the value of everyone’s land such as the Church’s
- Money to run the Kingdoms was raised by taxation based on land ownership. lands in the Domesday book.
- Law and order were maintained by local communities, preventing crime, and catching criminals.
,Jewish Migrants: Reasons
Jewish Migrants: Experiences - Many Christians made up blood libels, about Jewish people using
- The Romans drove Jews out of their homes in the Middle
- Jewish families often lived together in separate Christian blood in rituals.
East – Jewish diaspora.
- This anti-Semitism existed because Christians believed that it was
- William I planned to build stone castles and cathedrals parts of town called Jewries.
- They set up their own kosher butchers and Jewish leaders who put Jesus Christ to death.
to establish Norman Control over England.
- This required money, so he invited Jews to borrow vast synagogues. Jewish Migrants: Impact
sums```of money. - In 1265, the Pope allowed Italian bankers to
- Not all money was willingly loaned. Monarchs taxed Jews heavily
- The Pope forbade Christians from charging interest on charge interest on loans, so King Edward I
ordered all Jewish people to convert or to leave such as wars with France.
loans (usury).
England forever. - They also lent money to get businesses started – played a significant
Case Study: The City of York under the Vikings
- In 1275, the Statute of Jewry made Jews wear a role in establishing the University there, Merton College was founded.
- York was built at the point where the rivers Foss and yellow armband. - Despite this, Jews were ruthlessly expelled from England I the 1290.
Ouse meet. - King Richard was kidnapped on his way back from the Third
- As many as 3000 Jewish people were expelled
- The Vikings conquered and captured York in 866. Crusade and moneylenders helped pay for the King’s ransom (£$).
from England for nearly 400 years.
York itself was very important to the Vikings: - As a result, Normans had a huge impact on society and on economy.
Its roads and rivers made it easier to move quickly
Low Country Migrants: Reasons
around Northumbria - and control it.
York was connected to much of the known world c800 – c1500: Migration in - The Hundred Years’ War disrupted work and trade. However,
and became an important trading city. medieval England England was a stable country where workers with skills do
The rivers meant there was lots of rich, fertile soil Jewish & Low Country well.
that could be used for farming. Migrants - The Black Death killed 30%-40% of England’s population
Case study: Vikings in York (1348-51).
- Viking traders travelled as far as the Black Sea,
Caspian Sea, and Iceland. - There were plenty of both skilled and unskilled work available
- Furs from Russia and fine silks from Byzantium were in England.
imported to create clothing. - Henry III wanted to replace Jewish moneylenders with Christians
- York also had excellent route connections to the rest of Low Country Migrants: Impact because anti-semitic attitudes were becoming common, he invited
England. (Trade) powerful Italian banking families to England.
- Wars continued for the next 15 years. - Weavers: Skilled weavers wove high- Low Country Migrants: Experiences
- York continued to have a strong Danish influence. quality, fine woollen cloth that
merchants exported to Europe. Flemish Weavers: were welcomed because they taught their skills to the
Evidence the Church had Evidence the Church DID
English weavers and helped the cloth trade to flourish.
influence NOT have influence England’s economy changed: Raw
The Church was active in The Church in York was Materials → Manufactured goods. Hansa Merchants: set up Steelyards in London, from which they
Viking York Other churches financially poor. It lost land to directed and controlled trade with Other parts of Europe.
- Merchants: Hansa Merchants traded
appeared in Viking settlements the Vikings.
outside York. goods in Europe. They grew rich and Lombardy Bankers: powerful Italian banking families working in
Many Viking kings converted Many coins with Christian invested in the Banks of England. London. They did well, especially after the expulsion of Jews in 1290.
to Christianity. King Guthram symbols had Latin spelling
was buried in York Minster errors, and some also showed - Bankers: Lombardy Bankers loaned English people turned on migrants. For Example, during the Peasants’
(895). pagan symbols on the other money to finance in trade able to help Revolt in 1381, about 150 migrants were murdered in the Hansa
side. pay for castles and cathedrals. Steelyard.
Craft Guilds regularly complained ‘foreigners’ were taking away work
from them.
, Overview: Huguenots (Protestant Migrants): Reasons Huguenots (Protestant Migrants): Impact
Changes in government
- Saw England as a place of safety and fled from - Boosted the cloth trade, fashion industry; invested in the Bank of
1642-51: Civil War between Charles I and Parliament. persecution in France. England.
1649-60: England was a republic – Oliver Cromwell. - King Charles II offered them denizen status – - Established LONDON as a major financial centre.
1685: James II crowned King; Catholicism was unpopular. couldn’t work at trades in France and couldn’t - Huguenots invested in the Sheffield steel industry and started the
1688: Protestant William of Orange was asked to invade follow the religion. paper industry.
England and became William III. - 1650-1700 – increase in England’s silk production.
Huguenots (Protestant Migrants): Experiences - English weavers learnt to weave taffeta and brocade into an expensive
- New laws supported the growth of trade and set up
trading companies. - Many had range of skills and found work item.
- Jews were allowed back into England by Oliver easily. - A lot of money = increase in British Empire
- Many set up their own businesses. - As a result, Jews had a huge impact on trade, and finance.
Cromwell.
- Some were desperately poor, and some took to
Palatines (Protestant Migrants): Reasons
Changes in religion petty crime.
1509-47: Henry VIII was a Catholic until 1534, he - There were riots by people who resented - In 1709, the government allowed Protestants to live in England with
became Head of the Church of England. Monasteries were ‘foreigners’ privileges. full civil rights, only if there swear loyalty towards the crown.
abolished, affected the monks and nuns greatly. - Many were poor farmers who were in search for a better life and
1547-53: Edward VI changed England into a Protestant after wars in Germany. In 1709, 12,000 Palatines had migrated.
c1500-c1700: Migration
Country.
1558-1603: Elizabeth I changed England into a fully in early modern
Palatines (Protestant Migrants): Experiences
Protestant Country – POPE WAS POWERLESS. England
- Limited skills: few labouring works available for them.
Since, England was Protestant – Huguenots saw it as a Huguenots, Palatines, - The government was no longer willing to fund emigration to
place of safety – brought-in wealth. Jews & Africans America.
Changes in economic growth - The UK government deported 1000s to Ireland to work on the land.
- Trading developed with Africa, Europe, and India. - Many Catholic Irish landowners disliked them and 1/3 sailed to
Merchants traded in a wide range of goods. Jewish Migrants: Impact America – few survived.
- The Transatlantic slave trade began, taking people
from Africa and selling them into slavery. - Jewish traders helped the growth of Britain’s Palatines (Protestant Migrants) had NO IMPACT IN ENGLAND
maritime empire.
African Migrants: Reasons
- Jewish financiers invested in businesses, Jewish Migrants: Reasons
- Africans had lived in England since Roman times. helping Lonon to turn into a major financial
- Many were forced out of Spain in 1568 because they were - In 1655, a rabbi visited Cromwell and argued about Jews returning
system.
part of a rebellion against the Spanish government. back to England – England is a tolerant country.
- The Harts and Franks lived luxurious lives.
- They carried out a wide range of skilled jobs and were paid - Lopes Suasso funded William III’s Glorious - Cromwell was convinced and issued the expulsion order in 1290 by
the same wages as others. royal prerogative which applied to Jews only in England.
Revolution. – encouraging more Jewish
- They were treated as respected members of society. bankers into England. Jewish Migrants: Experiences
African Migrants: Experiences - As a result, Jews had a huge impact on
society. - The authorities gave them permission to build the Bevis Marks
- Some Africans worked as servants (enslaved slaves). Synagogue.
- It was fashionable for rich to have a young black servant. - Most worked mainly as bakers and doctors.
African Migrants had NO IMPACT IN
- John Blanke was granted a pay rise by Henry VIII. - Poorer Ashkenazi Jews began to migrate and settled in arrival ports.
ENGLAND - Poor and destitute Jews were looked after by their own communities.
- Some were runaways.
, Indian Migrants: Reasons Agriculture: Dutch Culture: Fashion
- Elizbeth issued a charter allowing the East India - In 1630, Charles I ordered C. Vermuyden to - Silk and new fabrics were used to design and make fashionable
Company to have a monopoly of trade with India. drain the Fens. clothes for rich people.
- Trading posts were set up all over India. - Dutch engineers and labourers worked for 20
- Ayahs were Indian nannies who migrated with English Culture: Art
years, digging canals, and straightening
families. rivers. - Artists such as Hans Holbein, van Dyck and Peter Lely came from
- Lascars worked as sailors on the East India Company - By 1642, 40,000 acres had been turned to Germany and the Netherlands (Protestants) to paint paintings for
ships – taking goods from India to England. fertile farmland. the rich such as King Henry VIII and his wives. These paintings were
- New jobs were created, and landowners were rich. extremely admired by the merchants and bankers.
Indian Migrants: Experiences
- Fen Tigers was angry, and they attacked dams Culture: Writing
- Many lascars were unemployed when they arrived in and the pumps.
England. - Polydore Vergil, born in Italy, spent most of his time in London. He
- As a result, Jews had a huge impact on cultural,
- As England was trading and invading across the and English society. was the one wrote a book about English History.
world, they found jobs on other ships.
- Indian children became servants – many were Case Study: Sandwich and Canterbury in the 16th century
runaways.
- Ayahs were left stranded in England after looking Sandwich - Flemish Weavers
c1500-c1700: Migration in
after families during the journey from India to early modern England - The town of Sandwich in Kent had been an important port in
England. the Middle Ages.
- Many missionaries created homes for Ayahs and Africans, Indians, Dutch & - Flemish weavers had been invited to live and work in England
organised trips back to India. Culture (Impact) in the past by Edward III.
Case Studies: Flemish - The town asked Elizabeth I's council for permission to invite
Indian Migrants had NO IMPACT IN ENGLAND Weavers & Walloons Flemish weavers to live and work in Sandwich. The council
Canterbury - Walloons agreed.
- In 1561, 25 Flemish households arrived to set up textile workshops in
- The Walloons were French-speaking Protestants from the
Spanish Netherlands, fleeing persecution from the Catholic 1569 - Town ordered migrants could only Sandwich.
Spanish rulers. work as bricklayers, masons, and carpenters.- The Flemish weavers were very successful.
- Canterbury was DECLINING. Migrants also banned from making shoes. - Soon they were making a lot of money from their high-quality cloth
- After the Reformation (1530s), pilgrimages ended - city - 1582 - Flemish migrants appealed to and helping the town's market to prosper.
suddenly had far fewer visitors and less trade. Elizabeth's council. The council agreed - The Flemish weavers used raw wool to spin broadcloth, an expensive
Flemish migrants in Sandwich should work luxury item.
- In 1575, the city received permission from Elizabeth's councilonly in cloth and trade. But the council gave
to invite Walloon migrants to fill up empty houses in the them permission to find other work elsewhere - Two markets were held in Sandwich every week for them to sell their
city. and protected them from being fined by the goods.
- The Blackfriars monastery had been closed during the town. - All cloth was given a 'grading' for its quality. There were fines for any
Reformation and the Walloons were allowed to use it. cloth below the expected quality.
- Part of the old monastery was converted into a church and a- In 1582, almost 45 families left Sandwich to- Wealthy weavers built their own homes, with Dutch features such as
school. find opportunities elsewhere in England, such gable walls and ornate brickwork. The Flemish were so successful, they
- The Walloon community developed new trades, such as silk as London. started to set up businesses outside the cloth industry.
dyeing, refining sugar and diamond cutting.
- By 1585, new arrivals had to prove to the Walloon Congregation Elders that they had left their homes
on religious grounds. In 1588, they helped prepare the defences against a possible Spanish invasion.
, Irish Migrants: Reasons
Case Study: Huguenots in Soho and Spitalfields - In Spitalfields food and housing were cheaper,
and there was more freedom from the controls of - Increased in poverty.
- William III and Mary II were Protestants. They had the London guilds. - Irish rural industries collapsed, many unemployed.
been invited by Parliament to become monarchs in - By the end of the 17th century, a relief committee - Food was rationed and prices of food products increased.
place of the Catholic James II. About 1 million died of starvation and
set up because of the Declaration had raised - About 1 million died of starvation and 2 million were forced to migrate to
- He wanted to strengthen the Protestant population in £64,713 to help Huguenot re-settlement.
England.
his new country.
- Many migrants migrated here, so that they could migrate to Australia or the
- Arrivals of thousands of skilled silk weavers
US.
- William understood that the skills and expertise of the transformed the area's small weaving industry.
- Some couldn’t afford to travel and settled in city ports such as Liverpool and
Huguenots would help make England prosperous. - The weavers' faith encouraged them to work hard, Glasgow.
- This helped fund his war with the French King Louis this later became known as the 'Protestant work
XIV who persecuted the Huguenots. Jewish Refugees: Reasons
ethic'.
- Most Huguenots brought with them manufacturing - In 1550, Edward VI signed a Charter allowing the - 100,000 Jews arrived in Britain, fleeing persecution from the Russian Empire.
skills, particularly in silk weaving. 'Church of the Strangers' to be built in London. - Many Jews were afraid of Jews arriving from Russia because they felt that this
- Some, however, had escaped French persecution with - It gave the earlier Huguenots a place to worship. may increase anti-semitism again.
- The Poor Jews’ Temporary shelter was set up – allowed Jews 14 days to stay while
nothing more than their lives, and they needed the sort - It hard burned down in the Great Fire of 1666. looked for employment and accommodation elsewhere.
of help described in William III's Declaration. They were:
Overview: Desperately poor on arrival
Impact of the industrial revolution Case Study: Huguenots in Many spoke Yiddish – didn’t no English.
Soho and Spitalfields Arrived by steamboats from Hamburg.
- Towns, like Manchester grew rapidly. No. of people
living in towns grew to 32.5 million. c1900 – present day: Forced Migrations – Africans: Reasons
Migration in modern Britain - Transatlantic slave trade transported 3.1 million Africans until 1807.
- Employment available in factories - The Royal African Company – founded by Charles II transported 212,000
- Roads and railways improved, it became easier to take Reasons: WW1 & WW2
enslaved people on the journey.
raw materials to factories and then to the docks. - Powerful Politicians invested in the company.
- Docks developed in Liverpool and Belfast.
Indian Migrants: Reasons
- Demands from the growing towns and cities led to - From 1858, the British government ruled India - ‘British Raj’
wider representation in Parliament as middle-class. Transatlantic slave trade
- Indian students attended universities here.
- Men were given the right to vote = More Freedom - By 1750, Britain sold more black Africans into - Indian princes migrated with their riches – forced out of India by the British
- Agriculture changed – crops were grown, and high- slavery in the Caribbean. Government – settled and never returned to India.
quality meat was produced = food production - 3.5 million black Africans were transported and Indian servants migrated with their families; Indian servants were cheaper than
-
increased. sold into slavery on sugar and cotton plantations. English servants – seen as a status symbol.
- Lascars were all recruited by the East India Company – working conditions were
- In 1829, the Catholic Emancipation Act allowed - Slave traders became very rich – reinvested in poor and refused to work.
Catholics (Irish) almost all the civil rights of buildings.
Protestants. German migrants: Reasons
- Lascars and ayahs were expected to return home - Avoid warfare between German states.
- Britain’s slave trade was abolished in 1807, slavery once the job was complete but settled here. - British Economic strength and freedom from government attracted skilled
was forbidden in 1833 = greater freedom in Britain. people.
Living In Britain’s cities - Greater freedom for political thinkers to express their views.
British Empire - People crowded into existing tenement buildings.
Italian migrants: Reasons
1783 – American colonies became independent and - Diseases spread quickly. TB, cholera, and - Avoid warfare between Italian states.
formed the United States of America. typhus were common. - Changes in agriculture left many in poverty.
1788 – 1840 – Australia, New Zealand became part of - Sewage problems. - Severe outbreaks of typhus and cholera.
British colony. - Stagnant water
,Irish Migrants: Fenians - Experiences Asians: Experiences - Many were destitute, living in lodging houses.
- Christian organisations tried to find ayahs a passage back to India.
- Poor tenant farmers and labourers – had specialist - In 1869, the Suez Canal opened and improved
- Some converted from Hinduism/ Islam to Christianity.
skills. communications between India and Britain.
- Many worked in mines and quarries as navvies. - Mohammed Abdul Karin was Queen Victoria’s Lascars
- They dug canals and build railways – work was hard servant – taught her Hindustani, helped her in
- Lascars were recruited from Indian, Somalia, China and Yemen.
and dangerous. private letters and introduced her to curries. - Many found work in the ports.
- By 1868, they were 55,000 Irish soldiers in the British - She was fond of him and gave him cottages.
- Some were destitute., begging and stealing goods.
Army. - The Royal Court was jealous and sent him back - Hostels welcomed destitute lascars, providing them with food and
- Prejudice and hostility against them grew. to India. clothing.
- Irish (Catholics) v/s English (Protestants)
Ayahs German migrants: Experiences
Jewish Migrants: Experiences - Travelling Ayahs on ocean liners became - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels – political thinkers migrated with
- They settled in the East-end and set-up Jewish popular, hired to look after children. radical ideas.
communities. - On arrival in Britain, some forgot to hand over
- Brunner-Mond was setup by Ludwig Mond in Liverpool.
- Jewish leaders urged new immigrants to learn English. the return ticket and were left stranded.
- John Merz was an electrical engineer who founded the Merz and
- Adults were encouraged to learn English too.
McLellan Company.
- 9-14 inhabitants per house. Houses were cramped.
- Paul Reuter set up the Reuters News Agency.
- Shared rooms – 3-4 on the same bed. c1700-1900:
18th – 19th century Britain, Italian migrants: Experiences
- Worked in cloth-making, shoemaking and furniture-
making. Experiences: Irish, Jewish, - Many were street musicians, played barrel organs and
- Jews worked in clothing sweatshops for long hours and African, Indian, Germans & hurdy-gurdy machines.
Italian Migrants - Some Italians did labour works such as laying asphalt on roads.
for little pay.
Impacts: Slave Trade
- Hunt for Jack the Ripper increased Anti-Semitism in - Others developed skills such as making tiles, ceramic and
Britain. plasterwork.
- ICE CREAM – Italian entrepreneurs started running small ice-cream
African Migrants: Experiences Abolition of slave trade: Impact parlours.
- During the American War of Independence, black - In 1787, the Society for the Abolition of the - They even set up hospitals, newspapers and shops.
African people fought and were offered freedom. Slave Trade was formed, aimed to educate the - In 1833, an act was passed which banned slavery in the British
- Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor provided food public about the horrors of Slave trade.
Empire.
and clothing for beggars until they found work. - They held meetings. - Approximately £20 million pounds were paid-off to plantation owner
- 15,000 arrived in England and black communities - Some Black Africans wrote about their to compensate for their loss.
began to grow in Liverpool. experiences: - Economy was less dependent on slave trade and the products of
- The Triangular trade played a major role in its Olaudah Equiano: Kidnapped in Nigeria. slavery.
abolition. Sold off to a planter and then a Quaker - Rise for Non-Conformists.
Merchant and got his freedom. His - The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was changing the
autobiography held account of his time in public opinion.
Africa, enslavement (impact). Gave public - Sugar Boycott: 300,000 people refused to buy sugar because it was a
talks about condemning the slave trade. product from the Slave trade.
Ignatius Sancho: When his parents died, he - Fear of slave riots and resistance in the West Indies.
worked as a slave until he was 18. He became
involved I abolitionists and his book was published after
his death and was read widely.
, Newspapers: Paul Reuter (German) – Marks & Spencer:
Chartists: Impacts on Working-class (Protests)
Impact - Michael Marks migrated to Britain in the 880s, escaping persecution.
Feargus O’Connor:
- He setup the Reuters News Agency. - Opened penny bazaars in Castleford & Manchester
- Irish Protestant inherited an estate in County Cork.
- Importance: it was the first to report accurately - ‘Don’t asl the price – it’s a penny’.
- Landlord argued for the rights of the tenants.
on stories of international importance. - Joined by Tom Spencer, Marks opened stores in Newcastle, Cardiff,
- Became a Chartist leader and was hugely supported by
Bath and London.
crowds due to his inspirational speeches. Shops (Jews) – Impact – Lifestyle - Marks purchased goods directly from the manufacturer, cutting out
William Cuffay: - Mosses Moss dealt with used clothes and the merchant middleman.
- Worked as a tailor and took part in a strike, joined the founded Moss Bros.
- J. Jacob Schweppe: German Scientist developed carbonated water.
Chartists. - Montagu Burton founded Burton’s Menswear
- Gustav Wilhelm Wolff: German Jew who (with the help of Edward
- Elected President of the London Chartists. and was very successful.
Harland) and built 400+ ships including the Titanic RMS.
- He was transported to Tasmanian and died as a pauper.
- Hugo Hurst: opened electrical shops selling electrical bells and
Political Thinkers: Germans – Impacts ignition systems.
Karl Marx: Industry and ice cream (Italians) - Impact
- He stated that the capitalist system ‘exploited’ its
- Ice-cream was difficult to male and only the rich could afford a
workers – bosses owned the means of production.
cook to make it.
- Religion was a ‘drug’ – to make workers forget their
c1700-1900: - Many Italians opened ice-cream parlours and it became a
misery.
18th – 19th century Britain popular street food.
- ‘Workers of the world unite; you have nothing to lose
Impacts: Irish, Jewish, - Carlo Gatti: Waffle and chestnut stall/ café specialised in
but your chains’. – Communist Manifesto.
Indian, Germans & Italian chocolate and ice-cream. He ran many successful cafes and
- Argued that society should be ‘classless’ with no private
property.
Migrants restaurants in London.
Case Study: Liverpool
Friedrich Engels: - However, the price was HIGH; in the 1880s the cost of a third-class
- His studies on the poor was recorded in The Condition of ticket was £5 – about half the annual earnings of an Irish labourer.
the Working Class in England in 1844 – had a huge - Some could not afford the passage to America or were cheated by people
Case Study: Liverpool in the 19th century
impact on the government. claiming to sell tickets.
- Worked with Karl Marx to produce their Manifesto. - By 1900, Liverpool had over 7 miles of docks. - By, 1851 there were 83,000 (over 20% of the city's population).
- In 1868, he sold his shared to Marx’s family and - During the 19th century, sailing ships were - Many of the new docks were built by Irish navvies.
supported him in radical ideas. replaced by steamships – faster and could carry - Irish dock workers (lumpers), hired daily to load and unload goods
- Believed that England was a likely place for a more goods, by 1906 the average ship carried from ships.
communist revolution, workers would overthrow the the 1,270 tons.
- By the 1870s almost 2,000 Irishmen employed as 'lumpers' and in
the privileged few.
- By 1905, Liverpool was the second most profitable warehouses.
Canals and railways – Impacts port in the world. - They would have seen was a dockside pub run by Jack Langan
- Irish and Italian migrants worked as navvies digging- In 1846, between January and March 90,000 (retired-boxer) - offered advice and support for new arrivals.
out canals and building docks. people arrived in Liverpool from Ireland. - Shenanigans (1841) opened in the city.
- It had a huge impact on English economy – travelling - For many Irish migrants Liverpool was just their - The number of Catholic parishes grew to 24 by 1916.
made easier. first stop. - In 1850, just over half of the 6,000 people brought before magistrates
- Industrial towns grew. - In 1851, around 60,000 people sailed from for crimes were Irish (Anti-Semitism).
- Transport improvements improved people’s lives Liverpool to America. - Outbreaks of typhus and other diseases were common.
- Newspapers could be circulated throughout the country.- Ships to America would take migrants (for a fee).
, Case study: Jewish migrants - Anti-Semitic hostility grew and attacks on Jews increased.
Case Study: Liverpool in the 19th century
- Whitechapel a maze of tenement buildings with - In 1888, five women were brutally murdered. The police believed that the
Almost 75% of people in Liverpool have some Irish
no sanitation. murders had all been carried out by 'Jack the Ripper’ (Jew??).
ancestry: -
- Many people lived in extreme poverty, lodging in - The police believed they could only have been done by a doctor or a
- The scouse accent largely comes from Irish speakers –
overcrowded tenement buildings. butcher. Suspicion fell upon the shochetim.
Descendants of Irish migrants have been involved in
- Many Jews worked hard to support the newly - Inquests were held into all the deaths – Statements were taken from
the city's politics, businesses and culture.
arrived immigrants. people who had seen the victims talking to a man shortly before their
- The Anfield area, home of Liverpool FC, was named
- The police were afraid to patrol the streets alone. bodies were found.
after Annefield – Samuel Robert Graves.
- English people believed Jews were taking their jobs.
- The hunt for the Ripper highlighted the hostility that existed against
Indian Migrants: - Many Jews worked in sweatshops, for long hours
Jews in Whitechapel.
- 10,000-12,000 Indian sailors visited Britain each year, in poor conditions for little pay.
- Urged people to try to get rid of the worst slums and alleys in the
many arriving at Liverpool. - Trade unions had worked hard to establish basic
East End of London.
- Sailors were recruited from the West Coast of India. working conditions. Sweatshop owners and
- The demand for Indian sailors increased with the workers ignored these and so were able to produce
introduction of steam ships. It was assumed that goods more cheaply than regulated factories.
Indians were better suited than white sailors to the hot
conditions.
- They were paid much less than white sailors. c1700-1900:
- Others took up different jobs becoming street sweepers or 18th – 19th century Britain
Case Studies: Liverpool in the
musicians.
19th century
- Many Indians married British women; this helped &
them to settle in Britain. Jewish migrants in the East
- Chinese seamen arrived in large numbers as silk cotton End of London, 1880-1900
and tea were imported from Shanghai.
- Boarding houses housed Chinese sailors.
- Chinese sailors were hard-working.
- African sailors migrated and came from modern-day
Gambia and Ghana.
- Liverpool shipping companies recruited African sailors
to work in the ship's boiler rooms.
- These sailors were willing to work for lower wages and
in harder conditions.
, Empire, Commonwealth, and the EU
Two World Wars Modern Britain
- WW1: 250,000 Belgians fled to Britain for safety. Most End of Empire
First World War Second World War
Belgians returned to Belgium in 1919. - After 1945, Britain could not retain large area of its empire.
(1914-18) (1939-45)
- WW2: 160,000 Poles fled to Britain for safety. Poles - Britain’s economy was shattered, it could not afford to spend
- Over 3 million men - About 8 million men
decided to remain in Britain after 1945 because Poland money on maintaining the Empire.
from the British from the British
had become a communist state. - Many colonies had been developing independence, India gained
Empire, including 1 \empire, 2.5 million
Independence in 1946.
Looking for Work: Plenty of employment available in million from India. from India served on
Britain, rebuilding everything that bombing had - Thousands of lascars the Allies side. The Commonwealth
destroyed. worked on the - Cities and ports, - In 1949, the Commonwealth of Nations were formed.
merchant navy ships factories, houses, and - Countries gained independence could keep links with Britain
Encouragement to migrate: The government started to binging food and roads throughout and each other.
encourage colonies to help rebuild. supplies to Britain. Britain were bombed
Many Caribbeans migrated and worked as conductors The European Union
- The British Economy and damaged/
on buses and trains, some even worked for the NHS - In 1973, British joined the European Economic Community
was prepared for destroyed.
(1948). (EEC).
production.
- By 2007, there were 23 members. EEC → EU.
Seeking safety from persecution: >8,000 Jewish children - In 2016, British people voted to leave the EU.
travelled to Britain for safety – Kindertransport.
Most of their relatives were perished in the Holocaust. Legalisation
Case Study: Huguenots in - Parliament passe legalisation on immigration and nationality
Empire and Commonwealth Soho and Spitalfields – limited no. Of people allowed in the country.
c1900 – present day: 1905: Aliens Act – people with jobs/ money could migrate
India & Pakistan 1947: Independence caused terrible
Migration in modern Britain ONLY.
violence when the country portioned – thousands
Reasons: WW1 & WW2 1948: British Nationality Act: Millions of people in British Colonies
migrated.
were given the right to stay in Britain.
Kenya 1967: President J. Kenyatta asked all Asians to 1962: Commonwealth Immigrants Act: Only those with a valuable
choose being Kenyan or British – 95,000 chose to remain skill or who could get a job were able to get a voucher and migrate.
British and by 1968, 20,000 had migrated and settled 1968: Commonwealth Immigrants Act: Applicants who gave been born
in Leicester and London. or had grandparents from Britain could migrate.
Uganda 1972: President I. Amin ordered an expulsion of 1981: Nationality Act: Non-British citizens were UNWELCOMED.
Asians, the British government offered Asians to remain
British or Indian. 27,000 chose to remain British and
migrated to Britain – Professionals were not allowed to
migrate – treason.
, Other Reasons for migration Race relations legalisation Impact
- Encourage better communities – legalisation Transport, public services, and industry: Lifestyle
- EU: Britain’s membership of the EU gave EU citizens that limited migration. - Caribbean Migrants played a vital part in building up Britain’s
the right to enter Britain. Thousands migrated to - Governments wanted migration to be limited. transport systems after WW2.
Britain to find work that was better paid. - In 1968, the TFL employed 9,000 Caribbean as bus conductors.
- Ireland: Irish citizens were exempt from the 1905 Aliens 1965 Race Relations Act: Racial discrimination - Irish and Italian migrants played a major role in rebuilding
Act and were allowed to migrate. Most came for better illegal Britian’s industry after WW2.
work opportunities and to join family. 1968 Race Relations Act: Discrimination in
- Migrants were needed to work as doctors and nurses. India and
- Asylum Seekers: In 1951, Britain signed the United housing and unemployment was made illegal. Pakistan migrants worked in the NHS. 12% of doctors had been
Nations Convention on Refugees, agreeing to offer 1976 Race Relations Act: Set up a Commission
trained overseas.
asylum to people facing persecution. Many migrants for Racial Equality to prevent racial
arrived and received asylum in Britain legally. Some discrimination and raise public awareness of Politics: Lifestyle
tried to cross the borders ILLEGALY. racial injustice. - Harold Moody founded the League of Coloured Peoples and
1998 Crime and Disorder Act: Introduced more campaigned for Civil Rights.
Experiences severe punishments if a crime was seen to have - Doreen Lawrence claimed the police were being institutionally racist
Suspicion and support Suspicion and hostility been aggravated by racism. in failing to find her son’s murderer.
before 1945 after 1945 - Show Racism the Red Card (SRTRC) charity working to
1914-18: Belgians were 1947: Polish stamp out racism in football.
welcomed – set up Resettlement Act gave - The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement protests against
businesses. Poles the right to remain. c1900 – present day: racially motivated violence. In May 2020, George Floyd was
1914: Germans = 1967: National Front Migration in modern Britain murdered.
‘enemy aliens’ (NF) opposed Experiences & Impact: Windrush Generation migrants were badly treated by
1936: British Union of immigration. WW1 & WW2 immigration officials who denied their right to stay in
Fascists (BUF) held a 1968: Enoch Powell’s
Britain. After many years, the government apologised the
march through the large speech: Rivers of Blood –
offered compensation.
Jewish population. criticised immigration
Fighting broke out and called for them to be Culture and the urban environment
between the marchers sent out. - Migrants renovated areas where they lived – ran small corner shops
and the supporters. 1982: British National that served the whole community.
1939-45 – most Party (BNP) was - Diwali, Eid al-Fitr, and the Chinese New Year
Germans were not founded – opposed non- - Mosques, Temples and Synagogues developed.
interned; many fled to white migration - Sausages, kebabs, Chow Mein, and Chicken tikka Masala – changed
safety of Britain. 1981: Brixton – Riots the British Diet.
1940: BUF is disbanded lasted for 3 days – - Diane Abbott was the first black woman to be elected to Parliament.
when Britain was at war accusations of police - Mo Farah – winner of the Olympics
with Germany. brutality against - Rishi Sunak – Conservative MP who became chancellor and exchequer
migrants. in Feb 2020 and finally in Oct 2022 he became the UK’s Prime
2001: Burnley, Minister after Liz Truss Commonwealth is an
Lancashire – rioting intergovernmental of 53
triggered by a dispute member states, that were
between Asian and white territories of the former British
Empire. They state the issues
drug gangs. and common interests around
the world.
