MSN 570 Advance Patho Questions and Answers Latest Updated

MI - ANSWER-Death of myocardium from sudden blockage of coronary artery blood flow What causes cell death in MI? - ANSWER-unstable plaque breaks off, triggering platelet aggregation, coagulation cascade and thrombus formation. continued no blood flow in 10 seconds ischemia, 20 minutes cell die What consequence of cell death leads to CP? - ANSWER-hypoxia as cannot meet cell demand for oxygen How is MI diagnosed - ANSWER-EKG (STEMI) or elevated Troponin (non-STEMI) What might you find in blood consistent with MI? - ANSWER-elevated CK MB, Troponin Where does CK MB and Troponin come from? - ANSWER-Release of lysosomal enzymes; CK MB detected after myocardial necrosis, Troponin released from damaged heart muscle 3 mechanism of cell injury related to reperfussion injury - ANSWER-ischemia, necrosis, reperfussion l/t RAS define reperfussion injury - ANSWER-injury that occurs after oxygen is reintroduced to tissue perfusion how does inflammatory process contribute to reperfussion injury? - ANSWER-as oxygen is reintroduced it comes in contact with damaged proteins triggering inflammatory response how does oxidative process contribute to RI? - ANSWER-RAS causes impairment of cell membrane and pro-apotptoic cells release. making cell unstable what is primary Hypertension? - ANSWER-Essential or idiopathic, elevated BP without an identified cause, accounts for 90 - 95% of all cases of hypertension? what is secondary hypertension? - ANSWER-Elevated BP, labile BP; related to conditions ie kidney dz; resistant to BP meds what is significance of Ventricular hypertrophy and HTN? - ANSWER-persistent hypertension leads to ventricular hypertrophy; decrease CO what comorbidities/conditions does HTN cause? - ANSWER-stroke, ischemia, heart failure, aneurysm, hemorrhage what is preload? - ANSWER-volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole what is afterload? - ANSWER-peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump hoe does HTN l/t CHF? - ANSWER-overwork left ventricle due to increase pressure; decreased pumping ability of heart and decreases CO. identify pathological process of gangrene? - ANSWER-form of coagulative necrosis; interruption of blood flow l/t denaturing cells enzymes and bacterial invasion three types of gangrene - ANSWER-dry, wet & gas what is the major treatment approach for gangrene? - ANSWER-removing affective tissue to prevent infection; treating problem that led to gangrene why use antibiotic for gangrene? - ANSWER-to slow bacterial damage What are the two major necrotic processes? - ANSWER-Coagulative and liquifactive What is coagulative necrosis? - ANSWER-necrosis caused y interruption of blood flow l/t desrease Ph, and bacterial growth what is liquifactive necrosis? - ANSWER-Caustic enzymes dissolve and liquify necrotic cell; cottage cheese like appearance. Describe dry gangrene - ANSWER-hypoxia l/t ischemia l/t last of blood flow l/t coagulative necrosis Describe wet gangrene - ANSWER-extensive damage from bacteria with WBC's that have invaided site produces a liquid wound