Exam #2: ASCs & the Stem Cell Niche fully solved 2023 updated
ASCs are _____ ______ _____, meaning they are found in the body throughout the organism's lifetime. They are usually restricted to their germ layer (_________), can be found in both _______ and ________, and vary between all types of different tissues. - correct answer ASCs are ENDOGENEOUS STEM CELLS, meaning they are found in the body throughout the organism's lifetime. They are usually restricted to their germ layer (MULTIPOTENT), can be found in both EMBRYOS and ADULTS, and vary between all types of different tissues.
In comparison to ESCs, ASCs cannot grow _________, and are limited in their ability to differentiate (______). They are hard to grow in the lab because they don't divide ______ or ______, are often present in tissues in _________ quantities, and are difficult to ___________. - correct answer In comparison to ESCs, ASCs cannot grow INDEFINITELY , and are limited in their ability to differentiate (MULTIPOTENT). They are hard to grow in the lab because they don't divide OFTEN or EASILY , are often present in tissues in SMALL quantities, and are difficult to ISOLATE.
Some ASCs are ____ - changeable - in response to regenerative signals. This is called ______________ when the differentiation causes the cell to cross the germ layer. - correct answer Some ASCs are PLASTIC - changeable - in response to regenerative signals. This is called TRANSDIFFERENTIATION when the differentiation causes the cell to cross the germ layer.
True or False: Plasticity appears to be much more promising in vitro than in vivo. - correct answer true!
Although all ASCs are distinct between tissue types, what are some properties shared between all ASCs? - correct answer Signaling Pathways - all are involved in signaling pathways
Multidrug Resistance - all have properties that make them resistant to toxins Plasticity - the ability to transdifferentiate
Self-Renewal - different from somatic cells, which reproduce through cell division - ASCs reproduce through self-renewal (asymmetric or symmetric) What types of substances can ASCs be signaled by? What do they tell ASCs to do? Do ASCs have any control? - correct answer - signaled by soluble factors, molecules of the extracellular matrix, other cells around them
- these signals tell them to self-renew or to differentiate
- ASCs have NO CONTROL - regulated by the cells around them through signaling pathways
ASC-involved signaling pathways can regulate what types of things? What are the 3 most prevalent signaling pathways? - correct answer - regulating epigenetics, apoptosis, transcription, protein production, differentiation
- 3 MOST IMPORTANT - Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch
The Wnt signaling pathway is important in __________. It helps control 3 things: _________. It is expressed early in __________ when cells are undergoing a high amount of proliferation. Wnt signaling molecules are ___________, a carb-protein tag on the outside of the cell membrane, which turn on different sets of proteins in different cell types. In terms of stem cells, this pathway is critical for 3 things: ______. - correct answer The Wnt signaling pathway is important in DEVELOPMENT. It helps control 3 things:
1. cell fate (differentiation)
2. polarity (determining axes)
3. cell cycle control
It is expressed early in DEVELOPMENT when cells are undergoing a high amount of proliferation. Wnt signaling molecules are GLYCOPROTEINS, a carb-protein tag on the outside of the cell membrane, which turn on different sets of proteins in different cell types. In terms of stem cells, this pathway is critical for 3 things:
1. stem cell maintenance
2. specification of lineage
3. self-renewal
ASCs are _____ ______ _____, meaning they are found in the body throughout the organism's lifetime. They are usually restricted to their germ layer (_________), can be found in both _______ and ________, and vary between all types of different tissues. - correct answer ASCs are ENDOGENEOUS STEM CELLS, meaning they are found in the body throughout the organism's lifetime. They are usually restricted to their germ layer (MULTIPOTENT), can be found in both EMBRYOS and ADULTS, and vary between all types of different tissues.
In comparison to ESCs, ASCs cannot grow _________, and are limited in their ability to differentiate (______). They are hard to grow in the lab because they don't divide ______ or ______, are often present in tissues in _________ quantities, and are difficult to ___________. - correct answer In comparison to ESCs, ASCs cannot grow INDEFINITELY , and are limited in their ability to differentiate (MULTIPOTENT). They are hard to grow in the lab because they don't divide OFTEN or EASILY , are often present in tissues in SMALL quantities, and are difficult to ISOLATE.
Some ASCs are ____ - changeable - in response to regenerative signals. This is called ______________ when the differentiation causes the cell to cross the germ layer. - correct answer Some ASCs are PLASTIC - changeable - in response to regenerative signals. This is called TRANSDIFFERENTIATION when the differentiation causes the cell to cross the germ layer.
True or False: Plasticity appears to be much more promising in vitro than in vivo. - correct answer true!
Although all ASCs are distinct between tissue types, what are some properties shared between all ASCs? - correct answer Signaling Pathways - all are involved in signaling pathways
Multidrug Resistance - all have properties that make them resistant to toxins Plasticity - the ability to transdifferentiate
Self-Renewal - different from somatic cells, which reproduce through cell division - ASCs reproduce through self-renewal (asymmetric or symmetric) What types of substances can ASCs be signaled by? What do they tell ASCs to do? Do ASCs have any control? - correct answer - signaled by soluble factors, molecules of the extracellular matrix, other cells around them
- these signals tell them to self-renew or to differentiate
- ASCs have NO CONTROL - regulated by the cells around them through signaling pathways
ASC-involved signaling pathways can regulate what types of things? What are the 3 most prevalent signaling pathways? - correct answer - regulating epigenetics, apoptosis, transcription, protein production, differentiation
- 3 MOST IMPORTANT - Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch
The Wnt signaling pathway is important in __________. It helps control 3 things: _________. It is expressed early in __________ when cells are undergoing a high amount of proliferation. Wnt signaling molecules are ___________, a carb-protein tag on the outside of the cell membrane, which turn on different sets of proteins in different cell types. In terms of stem cells, this pathway is critical for 3 things: ______. - correct answer The Wnt signaling pathway is important in DEVELOPMENT. It helps control 3 things:
1. cell fate (differentiation)
2. polarity (determining axes)
3. cell cycle control
It is expressed early in DEVELOPMENT when cells are undergoing a high amount of proliferation. Wnt signaling molecules are GLYCOPROTEINS, a carb-protein tag on the outside of the cell membrane, which turn on different sets of proteins in different cell types. In terms of stem cells, this pathway is critical for 3 things:
1. stem cell maintenance
2. specification of lineage
3. self-renewal
