NCSC Exam (with complete solutions)

Robert Havighurst correct answers Applied Erik Erickson's concept of stages of psychosocial development, postulating six different stages and an emphasis on the successful achievement of each task at each stage, which derive from three sources: physical maturation, personal values and societal pressures. Havighurst's First Stage of Personality Development: Infancy and Early Childhood 0-6 correct answers Learning to talk, crawl, and walk: learning control over bowels; learning concepts, learning gender difference Havighurst's Second Stage of Personality Development: Middle childhood/ages 6-12 correct answers Learning interpersonal skills and daily living concepts; developing attitudes about self, others social groups, institutions, and society; developing a conscience, values, and morality; learning masculine and feminine social roles; achieving independence/autonomy. Havighurst's Third Stage of Personality Development: Adolescence/ages 13-18 correct answers Continued development of independence and relationships with males and females; adjusting to one's physique; securing a job; adjusting to psychological changes. Havighurst's Fourth Stage of Personality Development: Early adulthood/ages 19-30 correct answers Selecting a mate; starting a family; becoming a caregiver; achieving social responsibility, values, morality; selecting an occupation. Havighurst's Fifth Stage of Personality Development: Middle ages/ages 30-60 correct answers Achieving occupational satisfaction; developing leisure activities; adjusting to physiological changes, assisting aging parents. Havighurst's Sixth Stage of Personality Development: Later maturity/ages greater than 60 correct answers adapting to living arrangements and declining physical strength/health; adjusting to retirement and reduced income. Sigmund Freud correct answers the father of psychoanalysis, Freud believed that personality was driven by sexual interests or pleasure that focused on specific erogenous zones. He emphasized resolving developmental conflicts at each stage. Unresolved conflicts resulted in fixations. Development driven by sexual pleasures and interactions of the id, ego, and superego. Key constructs: conscious, unconscious; Oedipus and Electra complexes; libido; fixation; erogenous zones; pleasure principle. Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development: Oral stage/ages 0-1 correct answers The mouth is the child's primary interaction with the world and derives pleasure from oral stimulation (eg sucking and tasting). If gratification is not achieved, fixation on oral stimulus is the result into adulthood (eg nail biting, thumb-sucking, overeating, smoking).