NUR612 Pathophysiology Final McCance & Huether (8th ed., 2019)

NUR612 Pathophysiology Final McCance & Huether (8th ed., 2019) It is true that a eukaryotic cell A. is smaller than a prokaryotic cell. B. contains structures called organelles. C. lacks a well-defined nucleus. D. does not contain histones. - ANS B. Contains structures called organelles. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and histones, they have a well-defined nucleus, and are larger than prokaryotic cells. Ch01.1 The function of a histone found in a eukaryote cell focuses on cellular A. division. B. movement. C. activities. D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding. - ANS D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding. The histones are binding proteins that cause the supercoiling of DNA into chromosomes and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities. Ch01.2 An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is referred to as a/an A. Golgi complex. B. mitochondrion. C. endoplasmic reticulum. D. nucleolus. - ANS B. mitochondrion Mitochondria play a role in cellular metabolism, cellular respiration, and energy production. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are synthesized. The nucleolus is a small, dense structure that contains the ribonucleic acid (RNA), DNA, and DNA-binding proteins. Ch01.3 Which statement best describes a desmosome? A. A desmosome is a barrier to diffusion. B. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands. C. A desmosome is a communicating tunnel. D. Desmosomes function as a zona occludens. - ANS B. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands. The desmosome is a type of cell junction. The other two types include tight junctions and gap junctions. Desmosomes hold cells together by forming a continuous band of epithelial tissue or belt (or button-like) points of contact. They are also a source of structural stability. Tight junctions serve as barriers to diffusion and prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels. Ch01.4 Which statement describes the function of a second messenger? A. Binds with membrane-bound receptors via a ligand B. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events C. Opens specific channels in the cell membrane D. Blocks a membrane-bound receptor signal - ANS B. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events The binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor triggers the activation of intracellular second messengers. Second messengers activate signal transduction pathways in the cell that can initiate different intracellular events. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++) are the two major second-messenger pathways. First messengers are the extracellular ligands that bind to cell surface receptors. Binding of first messengers can result in the opening or closing of specific cell membrane channels or the activation of second messengers. Ch01.5 Which statement is correct regarding cellular energy? A. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules. B. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making adenosine triphosphate (ATP). C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. D. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen. - ANS C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. This is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. Glycolysis is a process that breaks down glucose molecules; it produces a net of two ATP molecules. Oxidation is a process during which a pair of electrons are removed and transferred. Oxidative cellular metabolism involves 10 biochemical reactions. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic means in the presence of oxygen. Ch01.6