BioL 235 Assignment 3 Anatomy and Physiology COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2023.

BioL 235 Assignment 3 Anatomy and Physiology COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS 2023. Answer the following short-answer questions. 1. Some patients who suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure) are prescribed medications that are in the category of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Explain why these drugs are used to combat hypertension. The enzyme Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II stimulates the suprarenal cortex to release aldosterone, which raises blood volume and pressure. Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys, which leads to osmotic reabsorption of water. As a result, the amount of water lost in the urine is reduced. In addition, aldosterone encourages the kidneys to secrete more K+ and H+ into the urine. Blood volume rises as a result of increased water reabsorption by the kidneys. Blood pressure returns to normal when blood volume increases. Angiotensin II also promotes smooth muscle contraction in arteriole walls. The resultant vasoconstriction of the arterioles raises blood pressure, which aids in bringing it back to normal. Any medication that inhibits ACE will have the opposite effect. Reference* The Principles of anatomy and physiology (15th Edition). Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H Derrickson 2. Describe the fate of an RBC traveling from the heart to the left elbow and back to the heart. The blood leaving the left side of the heart will be oxygenated and pumped into systemic circulation from the left atrium through the left atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle through the aortic valve to the ascending aorta, aortic arch into the left subclavian artery through the left axillary artery to the left brachial artery. At the elbow, the blood will flow into the arterioles and capillaries and then enter the venous system. In the venous system, the blood in the capillaries will drain into the venules and the left brachial vein, left median cubital vein, and left cephalic vein. From here it will travel into the left axillary into the left sub clavian vein into the superior vena cava and into the right atrium. lOMoARcPSD| 3. Explain the steps that result in antibody production and describe the process that results in an activated B-cell. The steps that lead to the production of antibodies include: • The activation of B-Cells as a result of exposure to a foreign antigen. • The B-Cell goes through clonal selection, which means it develops a clone of plasmocytes and memory cells that release antigen-specific antibodies. • The antibodies go to the invasion site. • The B-Cell is activated. • The B-Cell receptor (BCR) binds to an antigen. • The antigen is taken in by the B-cell, which then breaks it down into peptide fragments and fuses it with MHC II self-antigens before moving it into its plasma membrane. • Helper T-Cells identify the antigen-MHC II complex and release interleukin 2 and other cytokines, causing B-Cells to become activated, proliferate, and differentiate. • When B-Cells are activated, they generate a clone of B-Cells that includes plasmocytes and memory B-Cells. Antibodies specific to the antigen that prompted its activation are secreted by plasma cells. 4. State Boyle’s Law and