Independent variable- changed
Dependant variable- measured
Operationalisation- making variables measurable with a specific unit
Extraneous- if not controlled could affect the DV
Confounding- wasn't controlled and systematically affected the DV, no causal relationships
Null hypothesis- no difference between two conditions
Experimental - there will be a difference
Directional- predicts how the DV will be affected by the IV (when clear previous findings)
Non directional- doesn't suggest how the DV will be affected by the IV
Correlation analysis uses scattergrams and correlation coefficients to look for a relationship
between two covariables. Stronger positive (upwards) correlations have a coefficient closer
to 1 and stronger negative (negative) correlations have a coefficient closer to -1. Shows the
strength of the relationship but cant create a causal relationship.
- Quantitatively shows the closeness (strength and direction) of relationships so can be
applied to future research
- Can be used to research things that would otherwise be unethical as its natural
changes in the IV
- Cant establish causal relationships, lower validity
- No control over confounding variables (natural IV changes)
Lab experiment: Controlled environment where the researcher directly manipulates the IV.
people can be randomly allocated to conditions and all variables can be controlled.
- Can establish a causal relationship
- High control over confounding variables so higher internal validity
- Low mundane realism so lower external validity, does not reflect real life so cant be
applied anywhere else
- High demand characteristics so it's unnatural behaviours
Field experiment: natural environment where the IV is directly manipulated. Participants can
be randomly allocated but other variables are not controlled
- High mundane realism, increased external validity. Reflects real life os can be
applied elsewhere
- Low demand characteristics so shows natural behaviours
- Limited control over confounding variables so lower internal validity
Natural experiment: a type of quasi experiment where the IV is not manipulated, it naturally
changes e.g. stress. Therefore it's not randomly allocated and variables are not controlled
- Ethical barriers are removed
- High ecological validity so can be generalised to the real world
- Low control over extraneous variables, lower internal validity
- Can't determine a causal relationship
Quasi experiment: like any experiment but participants cannot be randomly allocated as they
have a specific characteristic eg gender, therefore other variables are not controlled.
Dependant variable- measured
Operationalisation- making variables measurable with a specific unit
Extraneous- if not controlled could affect the DV
Confounding- wasn't controlled and systematically affected the DV, no causal relationships
Null hypothesis- no difference between two conditions
Experimental - there will be a difference
Directional- predicts how the DV will be affected by the IV (when clear previous findings)
Non directional- doesn't suggest how the DV will be affected by the IV
Correlation analysis uses scattergrams and correlation coefficients to look for a relationship
between two covariables. Stronger positive (upwards) correlations have a coefficient closer
to 1 and stronger negative (negative) correlations have a coefficient closer to -1. Shows the
strength of the relationship but cant create a causal relationship.
- Quantitatively shows the closeness (strength and direction) of relationships so can be
applied to future research
- Can be used to research things that would otherwise be unethical as its natural
changes in the IV
- Cant establish causal relationships, lower validity
- No control over confounding variables (natural IV changes)
Lab experiment: Controlled environment where the researcher directly manipulates the IV.
people can be randomly allocated to conditions and all variables can be controlled.
- Can establish a causal relationship
- High control over confounding variables so higher internal validity
- Low mundane realism so lower external validity, does not reflect real life so cant be
applied anywhere else
- High demand characteristics so it's unnatural behaviours
Field experiment: natural environment where the IV is directly manipulated. Participants can
be randomly allocated but other variables are not controlled
- High mundane realism, increased external validity. Reflects real life os can be
applied elsewhere
- Low demand characteristics so shows natural behaviours
- Limited control over confounding variables so lower internal validity
Natural experiment: a type of quasi experiment where the IV is not manipulated, it naturally
changes e.g. stress. Therefore it's not randomly allocated and variables are not controlled
- Ethical barriers are removed
- High ecological validity so can be generalised to the real world
- Low control over extraneous variables, lower internal validity
- Can't determine a causal relationship
Quasi experiment: like any experiment but participants cannot be randomly allocated as they
have a specific characteristic eg gender, therefore other variables are not controlled.
