UST 289 Final Exam|2023 LATEST UPDATE|GUARANTEED SUCCESS

Geomorphology study of the shape of the Earth's features and how they change over time Present era of timescale Cenozoic era Radiometric dating rate of radioactive decay of rock elements to determine the age of rocks Timescale for geologic change history of the Earth since its formation as spanning a single 24 hour day, long time frame, relatively short period of evolving life forms Endogenic internal processes such as volcanic and tectonic activity Exogenic weathering by wind and water, and work at Earth's surface removing and transporting matter through running water, waves, glacial ice, and wind Core spherical central mass of the Earth composed largely of iron; consists of an outer liquid zone and an inner solid zone (highest temperature) 3000 C to 5000 C 3500 km Mantle rock layer of the Earth beneath the crust and surrounding the core, composed of ultramafic igneous rock of silicate minerals 2800 C to 1800 C 2900 km Asthenosphere softer, most fluid layer of mantle Crust outermost solid layer of the Earth, composed largely of silicate minerals 8 to 40 km thick Lithosphere outer shell of rigid, brittle rock, including the crust and also the cooler, upper part of the mantle Mineral naturally occurring inorganic crystalline chemical compound Elements in crust oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium Igneous rocks rock formed from the cooling of magma Magma rock in a mobile, high temperature molten state (felsic or mafic) Intrusive igneous rocks rock formed from magma that solidifies below the Earth's surface (crystals) Extrusive igneous rocks rock formed from magma that cooled rapidly at the surface or under the ocean (micro crystals) Sedimentary rock rock formed from the accumulation of sediment Organic sediment Biomass form of hydrocarbon fossil fuels Metamorphic rock rock altered in physical or chemical composition by heat, pressure, or other endogenic processes taking place at a substantial depth below the surface Topography major surface features of Earth's crust Oceanic crust mafic rocks Continental crust lower zone mafic rock, upper zone felsic thicker than oceanic Felsic light colored less dense igneous Mafic dark colored more dense igneous Pangea a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras 5 to 10 cm per year Cycle of rock formation volcano - igneous rock - broken rock - sedimentary - metamorphic rock Plate tectonics theory of tectonic activity, which deals with lithosphere plates and their motions (driven by heat from Earth's core) Extensional tectonic activity spreading boundary, plates pulled apart Compressional tectonic activity converging boundary, plates pushed together Plates move past each other transform boundary, transform faults Spreading boundaries a boundary where two lithosphere plates move apart mid ocean ridge Transform boundaries plates slide past each other without colliding Convergent boundaries Subduction zone asthenosphere (oceanic trenches) (volcanoes and earthquakes) Subduction zone descent of the edge of a lithosphere plate under an adjoining plate and into the asthenosphere Continental suture two continents can converge to eliminate an ocean between them permanently unites two plates for no further activity (Appalachian and Ural mountains) Fault occur when a sharp break associated with a slippage of the crustal block on one side of a tectonic plate with respect to another Normal fault occur when the crust on one side of normal fault drops down relative to the other side Strike slip fault produced when tectonic plates move past each other horizontally Reverse fault produced by compression in the crust Overthrust fault involve mostly horizontal movement one slice of rock rides over the adjacent ground surface Grabens a crustal block is dropped down between two normal faults Horst a crustal block pushed up between two normal faults Earthquakes a trembling or shaking of the ground produced by movements along a fault Focus location where fault slipped Epicenter the location on the Earth's surface directly above where a fault slipped to produce an earthquake Richter scale describes the quantity of energy released by a single earthquake, ranges from 0 to 9 Volcano conical circular structure built by accumulation of lava flows and tephra (volcanic ash) Hot spots a center of volcanic activity thought to be located over a rising mantle plume Shield volcanoes lava travels long distances spreads out in thin layers are rounded domes with gentle slopes accumulation of basalt lava flows emerging from long radial fissures on flanks holds little gas usually quiet eruptions