UST 289 Midterm 2 Review|2023 LATEST UPDATE|GUARANTEED SUCCESS

3 states of water solid- ice gas- vapor liquid- water evaporation Liquid to gas sublimation solid to gas deposition gas to solid condensation Gas to liquid when latent heat is reduced and stored latent heat is transferred when water changes state -release of energy occurs when HEATING -absorption of energy occurs when COOLING hydrosphere (volume) The total water realm of the earth's surface including the oceans (97.5%) and freshwater (2.5%) The small blue sphere represents the planet's total water volume in proportion to the Earth's size, demonstrating the limits on this critical resource amount of freshwater overall to total water Freshwater includes glaciers (68.7%), ground water (30%), permafrost (0.8%), and the surface waters of the lands and water held in the atmosphere make up 0.4%**** freshwater- unstable amount, largest source Freshwater includes glaciers (68.7%), ground water (30%), permafrost (0.8%), and the surface waters of the lands and water held in the atmosphere make up 0.4%**** surface and atmospheric water- largest sources ... transpiration Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant evapotranspiration (encompasses more) ... humidity content amount of water vapor in light air, increases sharply with temperature relative humidity Compares the amount of water vapor present to the maximum amount that the air can hold at that temperature Expressed as a percentage Air holding ½ its capacity has a RH of 50% Can change in two ways: Gain or lose moisture Change in temperature* specific humidity- changes cause The actual amount of water vapor held by a parcel of air (g/kg) When air cools, capacity is reduced When air warms, capacity increases dew point temperature- importance The temperature at which air with a given humidity will reach saturation when cooled without changing its pressure (The actual amount of water vapor in the air reaches 100% saturation) dew tiny drops of water that form on cool surfaces at night, when atmospheric vapor condenses. frost Ice formed when water vapor changes directly into ice crystals adiabatic process- temperature- moisture dry adiabatic lapse rate- rate at which rising air cools or descending air warms when no condensation is occurring moist adiabatic lapse rate- rate at which rising air is cooled by expansion when condensation is occurring lapse rate- general concept ... cloud content- what are they made of water droplets, ice crystals, or both condensation nuclei a tiny bit of solid matter (aerosol) in the atmosphere, on which water vapor condenses to form a tiny water droplet stratiform clouds blanket-like layers that cover large areas- common type is strattus cumulonimbus clouds- why are they interesting clouds of any type that produce precipitation. an isolated cumulonimbus cell discharges its water volume as precipitation in this photo cirrus clouds cirroform clouds = at the top of the troposphere, these clouds are high, thin, whispy clouds drawn out into streaks. composed of ice crystals and form when moisture is present high in the air radiation fog formed when temp of the air at ground level falls below dew point advection fog forms when warm moist air moves over a cold surface, common over oceans "sea fog", west coast of US and canada rain liquid precipitation freezing rain raindrops that freeze after they hit the ground or other cold surfaces snow precipitation falling from clouds in the form of ice crystals hail precipitation of ice pellets when there are strong rising air currents collision coalescence tiny cloud drops collide and merge to form larger drops cold cloud ice crystal process; water evaporates from super cooled liquid clouds drops then deposited on ice crystals and forms snow flakes orographic precipitation precipitation induced when moist air is forced vertically over a mountain barrier convective precipitation precipitation induced when warm, moist air is heated at the ground surface, rises, cools, and condenses to form water droplets, raindrops, and eventually rainfall convergent lifting frontal lifting acid rain- damage "acid deposition" made up of raindrops that have been chemically acidified by industrial air pollutant such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitric acid (NO2) Effects of Acid Rain • Acid streams and lakes affect aquatic life • Damage to forests • Damage to soils • Damage to buildings effect of warming on precipitation increased precipitation sea surface temperatures and precipitation any rise ion sea-surface temperraturw will increase the rate of evaporation, and an increase in evaporation will raise the average atmospheric content of water vapor atmospheric pressure- know sea level in millibars and Hg, how measured Pressure exerted by the atmosphere because of the force of gravity acting on the overlying column of air • Units = inches of mercury (in. Hg) or millibars (mb) • Standard sea level pressure = 1013.2 mb Hg: 29.92 Storm have air pressure lower than 10.2 millibars Standard sea level = 10.3 barometer An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure anemometer An instrument used to measure wind speed radiosondes balloon- launched twice a day at key locations in United States pressure gradient change of atmospheric pressure measured along a line at right angles to the isobars- goes from high to low pressure pressure and altitude relationship high to low isobar A line on a weather map that joins places that have the same air pressure coriolis effect CE An effect of the Earth's rotation that acts like a force to deflect a moving object on the Earth's surface to the: • Right in the northern hemisphere • Left in the southern hemisphere wind- direction Identified by the direction from which the wind comes • West wind blows from west to east • Measured with a wind vane 3 factors that affect wind speed and direction close to the earth pressure gradient, coriolis effect, and friction geostrophic wind- factors Wind at high levels (upper levels) above the Earth's surface moving parallel to the isobars, at a right angle to the pressure gradient cyclone- wind direction- movement- speed- low pressure (low pressure) • The PGF, CE, and FF cause the surface wind to spiral, converging inwards towards the low-pressure center anti-cyclone- wind direction- movement- speed, high pressure (high pressure) • Upper troposphere winds spins downward (subsidence) and diverges outward at the surface