Physiology of Ageing – week 1 - the aesthetic changes to the human
face as a result of the chronological and premature ageing process.
Table of Contents
The structure and function of a eucaryotic cell ................................................................................................ 3
QUIZ – THE CELL ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Aesthetic Glossary: ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Cell Organelles ................................................................................................................................................. 8
The Cell - Level of organisation ...................................................................................................................... 11
The Cell – life cycle ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Types of Tissues in the Body ........................................................................................................................... 15
Body Systems ................................................................................................................................................. 17
The Structure of the Skin ................................................................................................................................ 20
The Epidermis .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Stratum Germinativum (basal layer of the epidermis) ............................................................................ 22
................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Stratum Spinosum.................................................................................................................................... 24
Stratum Granulosum................................................................................................................................ 24
Stratum Lucidum ...................................................................................................................................... 25
Stratum Corneum .................................................................................................................................... 25
The life cycle of a keratinocyte ....................................................................................................................... 26
How to define ageing ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Intrinsic Ageing .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Extrinsic Ageing .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Is ageing a disease or an inevitable process? ................................................................................................ 33
Programmed Longevity Theory - Hayflick Theory .......................................................................................... 35
Telomerase Theory......................................................................................................................................... 35
Genetic Theory ............................................................................................................................................... 36
Oxidative Damage (Free radical) Theory........................................................................................................ 36
Glycation (Cross linking) Theory ..................................................................................................................... 37
Inflammation Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Mitochondrial Theory..................................................................................................................................... 39
Neuroendocrine Theory.................................................................................................................................. 39
,Telomere Shortening ...................................................................................................................................... 44
The aesthetic changes to the human face as a result of both intrinsic and extrinsic ageing ......................... 45
Case Study ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
Fat Pads and ageing....................................................................................................................................... 50
Physiological changes to the human body ..................................................................................................... 52
Muscular System and Ageing ......................................................................................................................... 53
Skeletal System and Ageing ........................................................................................................................... 54
The Triangle of Youth and the Pyramid of Ageing Concept ........................................................................... 54
Case study ...................................................................................................................................................... 55
To tan or not to tan? ...................................................................................................................................... 56
Treatment and product options for age management and skin health ......................................................... 57
Further reading: ............................................................................................................................................. 58
REFERENCE LIST ............................................................................................................................................. 59
2
,The structure and function of a eucaryotic cell
- a living organism, microscopic
- it is the smallest unit we have got before then formatting and making
tissues
-have different types of tissues
A cell may be defined as the “basic, living, structural and functional
unit of the body and all other organisms (Cressy, 2010)
“Every protein in the body has its place in time and space. The human
body consists of trillions of cells. Each cell contains proteins organised
to maintain its structure and function (The Human Cell, 2016).
3
, The bustling activity of the human cell is maintained as proteins
perform specific tasks in designated compartments called Organelles
(The Human Cell, 2016).
The plasma membrane encloses the cell by creating a physical barrier.
It separates the cytosol and organelles of the cell from the surrounding
environment. This is the cell-to-cell interaction and communication site
and anchors the cell to its surroundings (The Human Cell, 2016).
The organelles are embedded in the cytosol, a semifluid substance
containing proteins, ions, and metabolites. This is the site of several
cellular processes, including protein synthesis, inter-organelle
transport, and various metabolic reactions (The Human Cell, 2016).
A multitude of mitochondria are responsible for producing cellular
energy (ATP). However, they also participate in many other functions,
such as signalling cell F and cellular differentiation (The Human
Cell, 2016).
The cell has three types of cytoskeletons: microtubules, actin filaments
and intermediate filaments. These structures are crucial for
maintaining cellular structure and architecture. In addition to
providing stability to the cell, the cytoskeleton also acts as a transport
network for organelles, controls motility and cell division, and forms
the mitotic spindle (The Human Cell, 2016).
Our genetic information encoded by the DNA is in the nucleus,
shielded from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. Substructures
in the nucleus perform many functions, including DNA repair,
replication, and transcription to RNA, which is followed by RNA
splicing (The Human Cell, 2016).
Inside the nucleus, we find the nucleoli. They are sites of ribosome
synthesis, processing and assembling. Nucleolus proteins are also
involved in cell cycle regulation and cell stress responses (The Human
Cell, 2016).
4
face as a result of the chronological and premature ageing process.
Table of Contents
The structure and function of a eucaryotic cell ................................................................................................ 3
QUIZ – THE CELL ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Aesthetic Glossary: ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Cell Organelles ................................................................................................................................................. 8
The Cell - Level of organisation ...................................................................................................................... 11
The Cell – life cycle ......................................................................................................................................... 12
Types of Tissues in the Body ........................................................................................................................... 15
Body Systems ................................................................................................................................................. 17
The Structure of the Skin ................................................................................................................................ 20
The Epidermis .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Stratum Germinativum (basal layer of the epidermis) ............................................................................ 22
................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Stratum Spinosum.................................................................................................................................... 24
Stratum Granulosum................................................................................................................................ 24
Stratum Lucidum ...................................................................................................................................... 25
Stratum Corneum .................................................................................................................................... 25
The life cycle of a keratinocyte ....................................................................................................................... 26
How to define ageing ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Intrinsic Ageing .............................................................................................................................................. 30
Extrinsic Ageing .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Is ageing a disease or an inevitable process? ................................................................................................ 33
Programmed Longevity Theory - Hayflick Theory .......................................................................................... 35
Telomerase Theory......................................................................................................................................... 35
Genetic Theory ............................................................................................................................................... 36
Oxidative Damage (Free radical) Theory........................................................................................................ 36
Glycation (Cross linking) Theory ..................................................................................................................... 37
Inflammation Theory ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Mitochondrial Theory..................................................................................................................................... 39
Neuroendocrine Theory.................................................................................................................................. 39
,Telomere Shortening ...................................................................................................................................... 44
The aesthetic changes to the human face as a result of both intrinsic and extrinsic ageing ......................... 45
Case Study ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
Fat Pads and ageing....................................................................................................................................... 50
Physiological changes to the human body ..................................................................................................... 52
Muscular System and Ageing ......................................................................................................................... 53
Skeletal System and Ageing ........................................................................................................................... 54
The Triangle of Youth and the Pyramid of Ageing Concept ........................................................................... 54
Case study ...................................................................................................................................................... 55
To tan or not to tan? ...................................................................................................................................... 56
Treatment and product options for age management and skin health ......................................................... 57
Further reading: ............................................................................................................................................. 58
REFERENCE LIST ............................................................................................................................................. 59
2
,The structure and function of a eucaryotic cell
- a living organism, microscopic
- it is the smallest unit we have got before then formatting and making
tissues
-have different types of tissues
A cell may be defined as the “basic, living, structural and functional
unit of the body and all other organisms (Cressy, 2010)
“Every protein in the body has its place in time and space. The human
body consists of trillions of cells. Each cell contains proteins organised
to maintain its structure and function (The Human Cell, 2016).
3
, The bustling activity of the human cell is maintained as proteins
perform specific tasks in designated compartments called Organelles
(The Human Cell, 2016).
The plasma membrane encloses the cell by creating a physical barrier.
It separates the cytosol and organelles of the cell from the surrounding
environment. This is the cell-to-cell interaction and communication site
and anchors the cell to its surroundings (The Human Cell, 2016).
The organelles are embedded in the cytosol, a semifluid substance
containing proteins, ions, and metabolites. This is the site of several
cellular processes, including protein synthesis, inter-organelle
transport, and various metabolic reactions (The Human Cell, 2016).
A multitude of mitochondria are responsible for producing cellular
energy (ATP). However, they also participate in many other functions,
such as signalling cell F and cellular differentiation (The Human
Cell, 2016).
The cell has three types of cytoskeletons: microtubules, actin filaments
and intermediate filaments. These structures are crucial for
maintaining cellular structure and architecture. In addition to
providing stability to the cell, the cytoskeleton also acts as a transport
network for organelles, controls motility and cell division, and forms
the mitotic spindle (The Human Cell, 2016).
Our genetic information encoded by the DNA is in the nucleus,
shielded from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. Substructures
in the nucleus perform many functions, including DNA repair,
replication, and transcription to RNA, which is followed by RNA
splicing (The Human Cell, 2016).
Inside the nucleus, we find the nucleoli. They are sites of ribosome
synthesis, processing and assembling. Nucleolus proteins are also
involved in cell cycle regulation and cell stress responses (The Human
Cell, 2016).
4
