NHA Phlebotomy Final Exam Questions with Answers Latest Update (Already Graded 100%)

NHA Phlebotomy Final Exam Questions with Answers Latest Update (Already Graded 100%) What connect the arterioles and venules together? - ANSWER-The capillaries. Capillary Blood - ANSWER-Is a mixture of arterial and venous blood. The average adult has how much blood? - ANSWER-5 to 6 liters Plasma - ANSWER-The liquid portion of blood. Formed Elements - ANSWER-The cellular portion of blood. Plasma comprises how much of the circulating blood? - ANSWER-55% Plasma Contains - ANSWER-Proteins, Amino Acids, Gases, Electrolytes, Sugars, Hormones, Mineral, Vitamins, and Water (92%). It also contains waste products such as urea that are destined for excretion. The Formed Elements constitute of how much of the blood? - ANSWER-45% Erythrocytes - ANSWER-Red Blood Cells. Formed Elements are what? - ANSWER-99% Erythrocytes, the Leukocytes and Thrombocytes. Leukocytes - ANSWER-White Blood Cells. Thrombocytes - ANSWER-Platelets. All bone cells normally originate from where? - ANSWER-Bone Marrow. Erythrocytes Contain - ANSWER-Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin - ANSWER-Oxygen-carrying protein. There is how much red blood cells per microliter of blood? - ANSWER-4.2 to 6.2 Million RBC's (abbreviation) - ANSWER-Red Blood Cells. The normal life span of a red blood cell is how long? - ANSWER-120 days. The Leukocytes Function - ANSWER-Is to provide the body protection against infections. Normal amount of white blood cells for an adult - ANSWER-5,000 to 10,000 per microliter. WBC's (abbreviation) - ANSWER-White Blood Cells 5 Types of White Blood Cells - ANSWER--Neutrophils -Lymphocytes -Monocytes -Eosinophila -Basophils Neutrophils - ANSWER-The most numerous, comprise about 40% to 60% of the WBC population. They are phagocytosis cells, meaning, they engulf and digest bacteria. Their # increases in bacterial infections, and often, the first one on the scene. Lymphocytes - ANSWER-The 2nd most numerous, comprising about 20% to 40% of the WBC population. Their number increases in viral infection, and they play a role in immunity. Monocytes - ANSWER-Comprising 3% to 8% of the population, they are also the largest WBCs. They are monocytes while in the circulating blood, but when they pass into the tissues, they transform into macrophages and become powerful phagocytes. Their # increases in intracellular infections and tuberculosis. Eosinophils - ANSWER-Represents 1% to 3% of the wBC population. They are active against antibody-labeled foreign molecules. Their numbers are increased in allergies, skin infections, and parasitic infections. Basophils - ANSWER-Account for 0% to 1% of the WBCs in the blood. They carry histamine, which is released in allergic reactions. The Thrombocytes - ANSWER-Are small irregularly shaped packets of cytoplasm formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes. The average platelet is how many micro liters of blood? - ANSWER-140,000 to 440,000 Thrombocytes Life Span - ANSWER-9 to 12 days. Hemostasis - ANSWER-Is the process by which blood vessels are repaired after injury. Stage 1 of Hemostasis - ANSWER-Vascular Phase Vascular Phase - ANSWER-Injury to a blood vessel causes it to constrict slowing the flow of blood Stage 2 Hemostasis - ANSWER-Platelet Phase Platelet Phase - ANSWER-Injury to the endothelial lining causes platelets to adhere to it. Additional platelets stick to the site finally forming a temporary platelet plug in the process called "aggregation." Stage 3 Hemostasis - ANSWER-Coagulation Phase Coagulation Phase - ANSWER-This involves a cascade of interactions of coagulation factors that converts the temporary platelet plug to a stable fibrin clot. The coagulation cascade involves an intrinsic system and extrinsic system, which ultimately come together in a common pathway. Stage 4 Hemostasis - ANSWER-Fibrinolysis Fibrinolysis - ANSWER-This is the breakdown and removal of the clot. As tissue repair starts plasmin (an enzyme) starts breaking down the fibrin in the clot. Preferred sites for venipuncture is where? - ANSWER-Antecubital fossa. Median Cubital Vein - ANSWER-The vein of choice because it is large and does not tend to move when the needle is inserted. Cephalic Vein - ANSWER-The 2nd choice. It is usually more difficult to locate and has a tendency to move, however, it is often the only vein that can be palpated in the obese patient. Basilic Vein - ANSWER-The 3rd choice. It is the least firmly anchored and located near the brachial artery. If the needle is inserted too deep, this artery may be punctured. Sclerosed Veins - ANSWER-These veins feel hard or cord-like. Can be caused by disease, inflammation, chemotherapy or repeated venipunctures. Thrombotic Veins - ANSWER-Unsuitable for venipuncture. Tortuous Veins - ANSWER-These are winding or crooked veins. These veins are susceptible to infection, and since blood flow is impaired, the specimen collected may produce erroneous test results. Do not draw blood from an arm with what running into it? - ANSWER-IV Fluids. The fluid will alter the test results. Select another site. Do not draw blood from an artificial a-v fistula site. - ANSWER-Such as those surgically implanted in dialysis patients. Venipuncture Basic Step - ANSWER-In performing this is to have necessary supplies and/or equipment organized for proper collection of specimen and to ensure the patient's safety and comfort. What is the 1st thing needed before doing a venipuncture? - ANSWER-Laboratory requisition slip and pen. Antiseptic - ANSWER--Prepackaged 70% isopropyl alcohol pads are the most commonly used. -For collections that require more stringent infection control such as blood cultures and arteria punctures. Povidone-iodine solution is commonly used. -For patients allergic to iodine, chlorhexidine gluconate is used. Vacutainer Tubes - ANSWER-Color-coded for specific tests and available in adult and pediatric sizes. Order of Draw 1st - ANSWER-Blood cultures tubes or vials Order of Draw 2nd - ANSWER-Sodium citrate tubes Order of Draw 1st (color) - ANSWER-Yellow Order of Draw 2nd (color) - ANSWER-Light Blue Order of Draw 3rd - ANSWER-Serum tubes with or without clot activator or gel Order of Draw 3rd (color) - ANSWER-Red Order of Draw 4th (color) - ANSWER-Gold/Tiger Order of Draw 5th - ANSWER-Heparin Tubes Order of Draw 5th (color) - ANSWER-Green Order of Draw 6th - ANSWER-EDTA Tubes Order of Draw 6th (color) - ANSWER-Lavender Vacutainer Needles - ANSWER-These are disposable and are used only once for single-tube draw and multi-draw. Needle Sizes - ANSWER-Differ both in length and gauge, 1-inch and 1.5-inch long are routinely used. Gauge - ANSWER-The diameter of the bore of the needle. The smaller the number the bigger the gauge. Needle Adapters - ANSWER-Also called the tube holder. One end has a small opening that connects the needle, and the other end has a wide opening to hold the collection tube. Winged Infusion Sets - ANSWER-Used for venipuncture on small veins such as those in the hand. They are also used for venipuncture in the elderly and pediatric patients. The most common size is 23 gauge, 1/2 to 3/4 inch long. Sterile syringes and needles - ANSWER-10-20 ml syringe is used when the Vacutainer methos cannot be used. Tourniquets - ANSWER--Prevents the venous outflow of blood from the arm causing the veins to bulge thereby making it easier to locate the veins. The most common tourniquet is? - ANSWER-Latex Strip (be sure to check for latex allergy before use) What can also be used as a tourniquet? - ANSWER-Blood pressure cuffs. Chux - ANSWER-An impermeable pad used to protect the patient's clothing and bedding.