7 ..,,_,,,.~ ::cee ,-cr:-:rs-= -:iftn; r b
-.., cb4\W\ll"\Ot\S'. ~o.tomicro c:11; i oni~utiOn MU,br19 poil\U : .a"•t ts
Ptrf6d~ o. f"epeo:tin.9 wend Of-Pf~es ~ ene, ·es 4bi0«;e3 i.\!. \ho!.hOid moUto.A L d •fftc: 1tr1119ttuf•
Cf. Q\erncn'ts ~ os~eoch period '--> M~ ~ rg and . -l.U lO9~½htr, (\ o;. t\'le e,UMtnU H,e• IY1•~;.,d~~:~;.1. '" Of\ ttrCl
Cl.'t()fYlic roc:Ul ,. 1-\0.tf H1Q d i':,tc.nOl. be1:.~~~"po1r1il fM\lff ~~CH"! Mrtftt-th~Gllfel INIMI: ..-Sig 9H
11
me ~lfcw..l, g rec-tel\
nuc.LQ,.. O( tl.ll0 c:.011O1.R.nt~ bond..Q.d ato~ . c ,,),bcargtd.tnSH:~- rn-tiO o~iol''~ cho.rgQ.to il'sfizt.. um~tra(
4 tLttttoin1: ,
l\ue,.I..Qor c)io.'St. -c ~OHXI en or 9e Of- protons iri o n1..1.clw-s 1_; No.ti ons o.rQ 1orq: iv/Srf\Ctll (hC1r9~ -,,to1,,1 ChClrgeclrn,irq , -wrgu l-lM\IQ l'1 l)'l vmnt of t :.
nutJ.A.Q.ra.two.C.f\\VI -= overu11 attrothon of an e.u..uron <ql\1·n1oi"~ i}.r~ mc11·trWilC1 rq~ c chC\rg l71\\qni.rchc1~it\'1'.n?1l:1.J . qro 0i mcnonu Of induud
\-0 nu.c,U.J..U Of on o to rYl 1
. :. ~l1ti()TIS orQ IVIOIQ .
31rol\91~ QtlrOCHcl to (il.\OCO-llHcJ Qr'. 4qreatH
~,pol!J, nttrornve fotc.o.J bQM.vfLII
loni~o.t1011 eJ'V'S~ "MR..CUu.re.s hOw_eo.sd~ o.n o.iom
1o~Q.l e.u.ctron:s to· form pojft1,1e.ionJ . 2:'\.niAfl\bl.r ott-tt.l t.U,ttron!.-50dll.11Yl nos Of1l c.U,IOC().IIHci parti c.UJ/MOLlli.lUJ,
I.\ IOSt {-rOm oute.rshW /hi gh e.St e.nerg y -£-ifSt. pqr m~+al I of\ whe..<11.().S o.lUYY1i_l'lfl.lf'l1 ho.J 3 . l.jg-rto.Hr st-1Qn9tl1 Of L-P · (.\ntt
~i~t ioriii~n·o11 eJ\.ergy . e.nergy nq_uir~d. {o ru11011 ~ on~ ~- Al nos ro orQ a;t ro t;tri OYlS -H-10.~ P\Ul t bt \,ro lU.n. ,.gr11. o.ttr M, r,.
e.lQ.C.trC ,1 f f Om ~0.t l'l at{)n'l il'l OM MOU. Ot 90JtOUS 0. to!YlS C.."f"H"";:" p•-'o.a• · . q . S:; lsa b1gqQr MOLi.lLUf.
4 Mo r e o..-omJ
Of on tlLment to fOrM ont MOli Of qo.se.ous .1:t f()flS . •I •· 11••
"' ¥ SI I • 11'\C • ,...--,
,11t. h1c,nP ")
01\IC C ~r9Q. jf\(.rt.GStl :~ - 9 . NO', Mg '• ', AL'<t 1 ,,1-ro,1gH 10.'Hl on
•Ionic, 11,,·i.e <AJ.c.'tasu s,-rnngQ.r o 4rocbrn 30~M 1tr fC r Q.,'t)(plafn 3norp clrop forc.QJ.
1\1.1~\l.UHO_!lLlli :,he!_' llOHf , in 1lt-/t \jetwan Ne and NO.
~0~~Q.'t\0t\
l-1
tJW'l\l·· ~ - - - - - - ~,Vt- n.., v ~ " .. IY\f. -' b .p. incre.oSe.
~c
,'T.., ~-", •,; ",
o.ttroth\1 1 f orl:!l nc.r eos u bHW u.n MH o.1{oris ond
_ _ _-._
I
1 , ""' " .~ A,
r,.: rtflet~s o.ddlh'ol\ or o. ntri sMlfi;nd
" "" ""'" ;.,, """" ,. 1'""•t'l.:½i
w,(1 llueidlfl9 . 'fhll cM.crlOJtJflUtu.OJ' IL\/€(.
OittO.U!'tfllllOIA fHet,JJ.trlnli"91 f--J& .
S tl'C.TOR.S P,ff£CTl~G-:
- -
~rnic ro.dJus-4 ~rooter diHonc.R. betwetn <MHr
1·=
,tu.t~rons
. on,J"' nutllu.s, l1H th~ nuc.,lQOf o.-tt-rodYOn
}
.. eol1trto
nu.c.lt.D.f remov-t.
etnar~ . DON~ A.__,..G-R9V~~
. ,- . ~"' '"""' ,n '"'""'" 9~•'" o«R••·""''"''' A''°" Ap«10D'
11
'"''"'"'" bU1''20!. "'"""'
nor wr iO rQ.n1011Q ~o re. IE onct ouw "'"'"'J;
req_uirQd POS ..hOugtt '""' c~o.rgt
lri~t.nllt.U.O.r " 't 1~ltill
,, o • ". ";w \NC.1'.~•"£0·
'"°""'
1\>1E.
eAJLCtton s~illdino-4 inner she II et.Htro'n.s fQ pQI ouur - ..,---01.ltwe.,ghHI. b : ; j - - I\0-~ "" -¼ iw.cALar ck~r9t il'ltr ~OHS - '(\0, o.r_ prOtO nl i~ trtl'A{e '°
h > '""""' • se lw ~• ' " " " ,, •" ' " ' " , uu " "' """ , oM • • o e<gy
, th ,~ tH on, "''""" ttie II o no'""" o""·"cho~t.
~iQI d 1n9 errett 1odu1u ottfothon ot twO<n outlli<t
4 '""~ , , ~ "'"" ~••~
iu,.U- ~"'" "'"' "" """"
t>.l'ld tLi..Ctr 0 11S
", " • •• ••••~'"" '"'"'"
, , . M°' " " " " ' " " " " ' , ' .!;,,.,, ,;,..,o. •
Cll1 OLlte.t O~ttroni. __________. in~rto.Stli Skitlliing eHn~ ct O.Hr nutlLOr 0,tlfCI t n on 1nc.1to.U.d nytJl.O."
~u an·
d ~....,llll 1._s,• whon Obl<•
s:,purtelli « ' ''"9 • graph '""'<;irhul!.
ienil ohOeene<g;e,
'"''"'"·
"'"" ""''' <'' '" ''''" "l ""' ,o """"]
a;
A_ t-\OW Mus;
b.COOn~ , l[S o ! LiJhiurfl h ovo?
hasWill -·~
(COMi """'
l "- K"• ,t,. ,g, ;n,;rti>.,'
tt+<On i • " , • '"\1>.11-ShlU.
1< Sil 9h HJ trlllll&:
di.tee ... , bHWOCO c i"" 9'" 1Ub· >""'L -
j .
Lt l9) -1 Lit (9)-; e- 2"d IE is 9rrnw th OIi tht 111 :
. (9) H:- _o..\ on 'n1.1ttronf' rQmovQd . .
L1rt9). -+ Li'l.t
A\ l/~e i~ il'1 O di~fH~!nt. shell ti oser
ro nucLws onci "'OS " l!Ss ,•h1~1ct1n9
' -··-
,_
:-;: =.."':'.: =iw" :":.
'" -"........._ -~-~,--·-·
0
u 1\lj) h9) W • 4~ r tful!i ' " ,e,w Ote out II Moro nu r.lL••
••ra tn ·on :. ., ,. ,i -, ::;::-..'":.::~
'"'" " """"' I hell ; I fUll id CI Oltr t1l "" nutU.•l.
• nuwo.r •*rB U\00. ;wo "u og di1ton"- dttreol!J
ft i• '""..
IU>•+" "''"' q, oup on d ""''"' ;f
.. ::::::::::.-::::-.::~:::==:!
~--'.·-·
-·-••--•
~-·
" r,,o,t IE is ro uiiod 10 ,;.,,.. "'" ,u.won . 1 h, ro ;, • ,o,g, ;,crow "'"'"" •P·:::;;:'.·." __
c.horg~ of f1UCl.(,LU o"'-t:wci.igM --JQ cnar~eopll.Ct-ro111.
Al 1•d e_~~ 'o~•n.9 I =~ .=-=.=.::E.-=2:
=--=-•--..•
=- ·· ., . ,
~pos1ti-1Q 1.1111a,n 1.1-t.h en~rgitS.
fQ!YIOvecl ffOIYI an -~ -
\·•lillillilihililta:r . ..................;. .. -
iM r shell 1 c,IOl<!f to nucUI.U t11Qf' '.l'd e. · .:..:.. ..:..r' .
: . 5 in 01,tter shell -+eternerit. MUS~b-1 ,, 1A7l1 - --"-~ - •1!!1!!~-~ ~ - =::!.-::"""...="'".!:'"''"
""""""'"',.'""''""'°''".,"""· lo11d11.1peo1t
uun period l proMes
il"9 t0up3o.ncl i npe.nod3(gi~e~)~All•Mi·ni· • · --•·- ,ll(fOSS
ljlO
I-titd1JOp
lloh' hl
CIU)ffl .
-.., cb4\W\ll"\Ot\S'. ~o.tomicro c:11; i oni~utiOn MU,br19 poil\U : .a"•t ts
Ptrf6d~ o. f"epeo:tin.9 wend Of-Pf~es ~ ene, ·es 4bi0«;e3 i.\!. \ho!.hOid moUto.A L d •fftc: 1tr1119ttuf•
Cf. Q\erncn'ts ~ os~eoch period '--> M~ ~ rg and . -l.U lO9~½htr, (\ o;. t\'le e,UMtnU H,e• IY1•~;.,d~~:~;.1. '" Of\ ttrCl
Cl.'t()fYlic roc:Ul ,. 1-\0.tf H1Q d i':,tc.nOl. be1:.~~~"po1r1il fM\lff ~~CH"! Mrtftt-th~Gllfel INIMI: ..-Sig 9H
11
me ~lfcw..l, g rec-tel\
nuc.LQ,.. O( tl.ll0 c:.011O1.R.nt~ bond..Q.d ato~ . c ,,),bcargtd.tnSH:~- rn-tiO o~iol''~ cho.rgQ.to il'sfizt.. um~tra(
4 tLttttoin1: ,
l\ue,.I..Qor c)io.'St. -c ~OHXI en or 9e Of- protons iri o n1..1.clw-s 1_; No.ti ons o.rQ 1orq: iv/Srf\Ctll (hC1r9~ -,,to1,,1 ChClrgeclrn,irq , -wrgu l-lM\IQ l'1 l)'l vmnt of t :.
nutJ.A.Q.ra.two.C.f\\VI -= overu11 attrothon of an e.u..uron <ql\1·n1oi"~ i}.r~ mc11·trWilC1 rq~ c chC\rg l71\\qni.rchc1~it\'1'.n?1l:1.J . qro 0i mcnonu Of induud
\-0 nu.c,U.J..U Of on o to rYl 1
. :. ~l1ti()TIS orQ IVIOIQ .
31rol\91~ QtlrOCHcl to (il.\OCO-llHcJ Qr'. 4qreatH
~,pol!J, nttrornve fotc.o.J bQM.vfLII
loni~o.t1011 eJ'V'S~ "MR..CUu.re.s hOw_eo.sd~ o.n o.iom
1o~Q.l e.u.ctron:s to· form pojft1,1e.ionJ . 2:'\.niAfl\bl.r ott-tt.l t.U,ttron!.-50dll.11Yl nos Of1l c.U,IOC().IIHci parti c.UJ/MOLlli.lUJ,
I.\ IOSt {-rOm oute.rshW /hi gh e.St e.nerg y -£-ifSt. pqr m~+al I of\ whe..<11.().S o.lUYY1i_l'lfl.lf'l1 ho.J 3 . l.jg-rto.Hr st-1Qn9tl1 Of L-P · (.\ntt
~i~t ioriii~n·o11 eJ\.ergy . e.nergy nq_uir~d. {o ru11011 ~ on~ ~- Al nos ro orQ a;t ro t;tri OYlS -H-10.~ P\Ul t bt \,ro lU.n. ,.gr11. o.ttr M, r,.
e.lQ.C.trC ,1 f f Om ~0.t l'l at{)n'l il'l OM MOU. Ot 90JtOUS 0. to!YlS C.."f"H"";:" p•-'o.a• · . q . S:; lsa b1gqQr MOLi.lLUf.
4 Mo r e o..-omJ
Of on tlLment to fOrM ont MOli Of qo.se.ous .1:t f()flS . •I •· 11••
"' ¥ SI I • 11'\C • ,...--,
,11t. h1c,nP ")
01\IC C ~r9Q. jf\(.rt.GStl :~ - 9 . NO', Mg '• ', AL'<t 1 ,,1-ro,1gH 10.'Hl on
•Ionic, 11,,·i.e <AJ.c.'tasu s,-rnngQ.r o 4rocbrn 30~M 1tr fC r Q.,'t)(plafn 3norp clrop forc.QJ.
1\1.1~\l.UHO_!lLlli :,he!_' llOHf , in 1lt-/t \jetwan Ne and NO.
~0~~Q.'t\0t\
l-1
tJW'l\l·· ~ - - - - - - ~,Vt- n.., v ~ " .. IY\f. -' b .p. incre.oSe.
~c
,'T.., ~-", •,; ",
o.ttroth\1 1 f orl:!l nc.r eos u bHW u.n MH o.1{oris ond
_ _ _-._
I
1 , ""' " .~ A,
r,.: rtflet~s o.ddlh'ol\ or o. ntri sMlfi;nd
" "" ""'" ;.,, """" ,. 1'""•t'l.:½i
w,(1 llueidlfl9 . 'fhll cM.crlOJtJflUtu.OJ' IL\/€(.
OittO.U!'tfllllOIA fHet,JJ.trlnli"91 f--J& .
S tl'C.TOR.S P,ff£CTl~G-:
- -
~rnic ro.dJus-4 ~rooter diHonc.R. betwetn <MHr
1·=
,tu.t~rons
. on,J"' nutllu.s, l1H th~ nuc.,lQOf o.-tt-rodYOn
}
.. eol1trto
nu.c.lt.D.f remov-t.
etnar~ . DON~ A.__,..G-R9V~~
. ,- . ~"' '"""' ,n '"'""'" 9~•'" o«R••·""''"''' A''°" Ap«10D'
11
'"''"'"'" bU1''20!. "'"""'
nor wr iO rQ.n1011Q ~o re. IE onct ouw "'"'"'J;
req_uirQd POS ..hOugtt '""' c~o.rgt
lri~t.nllt.U.O.r " 't 1~ltill
,, o • ". ";w \NC.1'.~•"£0·
'"°""'
1\>1E.
eAJLCtton s~illdino-4 inner she II et.Htro'n.s fQ pQI ouur - ..,---01.ltwe.,ghHI. b : ; j - - I\0-~ "" -¼ iw.cALar ck~r9t il'ltr ~OHS - '(\0, o.r_ prOtO nl i~ trtl'A{e '°
h > '""""' • se lw ~• ' " " " ,, •" ' " ' " , uu " "' """ , oM • • o e<gy
, th ,~ tH on, "''""" ttie II o no'""" o""·"cho~t.
~iQI d 1n9 errett 1odu1u ottfothon ot twO<n outlli<t
4 '""~ , , ~ "'"" ~••~
iu,.U- ~"'" "'"' "" """"
t>.l'ld tLi..Ctr 0 11S
", " • •• ••••~'"" '"'"'"
, , . M°' " " " " ' " " " " ' , ' .!;,,.,, ,;,..,o. •
Cll1 OLlte.t O~ttroni. __________. in~rto.Stli Skitlliing eHn~ ct O.Hr nutlLOr 0,tlfCI t n on 1nc.1to.U.d nytJl.O."
~u an·
d ~....,llll 1._s,• whon Obl<•
s:,purtelli « ' ''"9 • graph '""'<;irhul!.
ienil ohOeene<g;e,
'"''"'"·
"'"" ""''' <'' '" ''''" "l ""' ,o """"]
a;
A_ t-\OW Mus;
b.COOn~ , l[S o ! LiJhiurfl h ovo?
hasWill -·~
(COMi """'
l "- K"• ,t,. ,g, ;n,;rti>.,'
tt+<On i • " , • '"\1>.11-ShlU.
1< Sil 9h HJ trlllll&:
di.tee ... , bHWOCO c i"" 9'" 1Ub· >""'L -
j .
Lt l9) -1 Lit (9)-; e- 2"d IE is 9rrnw th OIi tht 111 :
. (9) H:- _o..\ on 'n1.1ttronf' rQmovQd . .
L1rt9). -+ Li'l.t
A\ l/~e i~ il'1 O di~fH~!nt. shell ti oser
ro nucLws onci "'OS " l!Ss ,•h1~1ct1n9
' -··-
,_
:-;: =.."':'.: =iw" :":.
'" -"........._ -~-~,--·-·
0
u 1\lj) h9) W • 4~ r tful!i ' " ,e,w Ote out II Moro nu r.lL••
••ra tn ·on :. ., ,. ,i -, ::;::-..'":.::~
'"'" " """"' I hell ; I fUll id CI Oltr t1l "" nutU.•l.
• nuwo.r •*rB U\00. ;wo "u og di1ton"- dttreol!J
ft i• '""..
IU>•+" "''"' q, oup on d ""''"' ;f
.. ::::::::::.-::::-.::~:::==:!
~--'.·-·
-·-••--•
~-·
" r,,o,t IE is ro uiiod 10 ,;.,,.. "'" ,u.won . 1 h, ro ;, • ,o,g, ;,crow "'"'"" •P·:::;;:'.·." __
c.horg~ of f1UCl.(,LU o"'-t:wci.igM --JQ cnar~eopll.Ct-ro111.
Al 1•d e_~~ 'o~•n.9 I =~ .=-=.=.::E.-=2:
=--=-•--..•
=- ·· ., . ,
~pos1ti-1Q 1.1111a,n 1.1-t.h en~rgitS.
fQ!YIOvecl ffOIYI an -~ -
\·•lillillilihililta:r . ..................;. .. -
iM r shell 1 c,IOl<!f to nucUI.U t11Qf' '.l'd e. · .:..:.. ..:..r' .
: . 5 in 01,tter shell -+eternerit. MUS~b-1 ,, 1A7l1 - --"-~ - •1!!1!!~-~ ~ - =::!.-::"""...="'".!:'"''"
""""""'"',.'""''""'°''".,"""· lo11d11.1peo1t
uun period l proMes
il"9 t0up3o.ncl i npe.nod3(gi~e~)~All•Mi·ni· • · --•·- ,ll(fOSS
ljlO
I-titd1JOp
lloh' hl
CIU)ffl .
