Computational Linguistics

Charles Hockett - Correct Answers1960, the features of human language specialization - Correct Answerssystem (language) serves no other purpose semanticity - Correct Answerslanguage is about the world arbitrariness - Correct Answerslanguage is symbolic prevarication - Correct Answerslanguage can be used to lie learnability - Correct Answersvariants of languages can be learnt reflexiveness - Correct Answerslanguage can be used to discuss itself displacement - Correct Answerslanguage is not tied to here and now productivity - Correct Answerslanguage can produce new messages adaptivity - Correct Answerslanguage can adapt to previously unseen, arbitrary circumstances social definition of language - Correct AnswersA language is defined by a community of speakers who can naturally and with no effort understand one another's utterances. political definition of language - Correct Answersa language is a standardized system with official writing and pronunciation imposed by political power Ferdinand de Saussure - Correct Answersla parole et la langue, founder of theoretical linguistic formal language - Correct Answersa subset (finite or infinite) of all strings over the finite alphabet of symbols n-fold concatenation (w^n) - Correct Answersexample: (abc)^3 = abcabcabc reverse string w^r - Correct Answersexample: (abc)^r = cba language generator - Correct Answersalgorithm that generates all strings language recogniser - Correct Answersproperty that characterizes the strings Kleene star - Correct Answersmatches zero or more occurrences of the preceding character Kleene plus - Correct Answersmatches one or more occurrences of the preceding character finite state automaton - Correct Answers5 tuple of: Q set of N states (q0, q1...), ∑ finite input alphabet, q0 ∈Q one start state, F set of final state δ(q,i) transition matrix between states formal grammar - Correct Answers4 tuple of: N finite set of non-terminal symbols, ∑ finite set of terminal symbols, S ∈N start symbol, P set of production rules phonetics - Correct Answersstudy of speech sounds including linguistically irrelevant properties (e.g. stuttering, color of voice..) segmentation - Correct Answers___ of continuous speech yields a list of elements classification - Correct Answersestablishes a type/token system of segments. type - Correct Answersletter * e.g. 'a' (doesn't matter how you write 'a', still the same ___ token - Correct Answersrealizations/instances of a letter type. ___ do not have instances themselves subtypes - Correct Answerse.g. capital/lower case letter, italic/roman, bold/normal... classification by manner of articulation - Correct Answersplosives: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]; fricatives: [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [ʃ], [ʒ];