USMLE Step 1 Neurology Quiz with complete solutions | Latest 2023/2024

USMLE Step 1 Neurology Quiz with complete solutions | Latest 2023/2024 Hypothalamus functions -- TAN HATS Thirst/water balance Adenohypophysis control (ant. pituitary; derived from Rathke's Pouch) Neurohypophysis release hormones from hypothalamus Hunger Autonomic regulation Temperature regulation Sexual urges Posterior Pituitary + Hypothalamic Nucleuses + Functions -- Supraoptic nucleus: makes ADH (Lesions can cause diabetes insipidus) Paraventricular nucleus: makes Oxytocin Suprachiasmatic Nucleus -- Works with the pineal gland to secrete melatonin to maintain a functional circadian rhythm. Lateral Area of Hypothalamus -- Inhibited by Leptin Controls the feeling of hunger Destruction: anorexia; failure to thrive (infants) Ventromedial Area of Hypothalamus -- Stimulated by Leptin Controls the feeling of satiety/fullness Destruction (craniopharyngioma): obesity; hyperphagia Anterior Hypothalamus -- Cooling (senses ⬆Temp), pArasympathetic "AC Cools" Posterior Hypothalamus -- Heating (senses ⬇Temps), sympathetic Lesions can cause poikilotherm (cold-blooded) Dorsomedial Nucleus -- Controls aggression; animal instincts Arcuate Nucleus -- Controls the anterior pituitary functions: endocrine Produces DOPAMINE Inhibits prolactin secretion; lesions to the arcuate nucleus can result in: Galactorrhea+Amenorrhea Thalamus Function -- Major relay station for ascending sensory information Ventral Posterior Lateral (VPL) -- Input: Spinothalamic + Dorsal Columns +Medial Lemniscus (All ascending spinal tracts*) vpL; L for Long tracts Info: Pain/Temp + position + conscious proprioception Destination: 1º Somatosensory Cortex Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) -- Input: Trigeminal and gustatory (taste) pathway vpM; M for medial/closer sensation Info: Facial sensation + taste Destination: 1º Somatosensory Cortex Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) -- Input: CN II Info: Vision (L: Light) Destination: Calcarine Sulcus (occipital lobe) Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) -- Input: Superior olive + Inferior colliculus of pons Info: Hearing (M: Music) Destination: Auditory cortex of temporal lobe Mediodorsal Nucleus of Thalamus -- Function: Memory Lesions: Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome if damaged Limbic System -- The 5 Famous F's (Feeling, Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding, F*cking) "Single Hippos with Mammillary Bodies Fornicate in September!