NURS 500 TEST BANK

NURS 500 TEST BANK. In phenomenology, often the review of the literature is conducted after data analysis is complete. What is the reason for this? (Select all that apply.) a. The data analysis phase of phenomenology includes a literature review. b. Phenomenology is data-free, and analyses are based only on the interpretation of the researcher. c. Some phenomenologists do believe that one can “bracket” what is known, in order to perform an unbiased analysis, but it seems pointless to absorb information just to then put it aside, so literature review is usually postponed. d. Some phenomenologists don’t believe that one can “bracket” what is known, in order to perform an unbiased analysis of the data, so they try to minimize what they read about the topic of the study until data analysis is complete. e. The review of the literature provides an objective cross-check for the researcher’s interpretation. ANS: C, D In qualitative research, the purpose and timing of the literature review depends on the type of study to be conducted. Some phenomenologists believe the literature should not be reviewed until after the data have been collected and analyzed so that the literature will not interfere with the researcher’s ability to suspend what is known and approach the topic with openness. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 98 6. It is appropriate to conduct a review of the literature in which of the following circumstances? (Select all that apply.) a. An ethnographic study is planned. b. A nurse is interested in conducting research on patients who “sundown.” c. One requirement for a graduate course paper is a written literature review. d. A hospital is attempting to develop a policy on bathing frequency for elders. e. The hospital attorney is preparing a brief relative to a fall suffered by a patient. ANS: A, B, C, D For most course papers, instructors expect students to review published sources related to the paper’s topic. Evidence-based practice guidelines are developed through the synthesis of the literature on the clinical problem. The purpose of the literature review designed to examine the strength of the evidence is to identify all studies that provide evidence of a particular intervention, to critically appraise the quality of each study, and to synthesize all of the studies providing evidence of the effectiveness of a particular intervention. The purposes for reviewing the literature for ethnographic studies and for exploratory descriptive qualitative research are more similar to the literature review for quantitative research. The researcher develops a general understanding of the concepts to be examined related to the selected culture or topic. The literature review also provides a background for conducting the study and interpreting the findings. The focus of the major literature review at the beginning of the research process is to identify a gap in what is known. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 98 7. The review of literature in quantitative research directs everything from the first ideas about the study variables through recommendations based upon the study’s conclusions. Which of the following are outputs of the literature review in quantitative research? (Select all that apply.) a. Development of conceptual definitions of concepts b. Determining the statistical power of the sample c. Determination of how many subjects will drop out of the study d. Description of what studies have been performed, so as to provide initial direction for the study method e. Interpretation of the study findings, in comparison with previous research ANS: A, D, E In quantitative studies, information obtained from the review of literature influences the development of several steps in the research process (Table 6-1), which include, among other items: developing conceptual and operational definitions, defining the purpose of the study, establishing the research gap, synthesizing previous research in the area, selecting a research design, and finally interpreting the study, in light of previous research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis REF: Page 99 8. Why would a reputable researcher use a secondary source instead of a primary one? (Select all that apply.) a. The primary publication is written in a language not currently spoken. b. The primary source person will not consent to be interviewed, but a person who knows the story secondhand will consent. c. The primary publication is so steeped in jargon that it is very difficult to decipher. d. The researcher has limited time and cannot squander it searching for primary sources. e. The primary publication describes only the beginnings of a theory, and a later publication presents it in entirety. f. There have never been any primary sources in this area. g. The primary publication is no longer in print, and there are no extant copies. ANS: A, B, C, E, G The published literature contains primary and secondary sources. A primary source is written by the person who originated, or is responsible for generating, the ideas published. A research publication published by the person or people who conducted the research is a primary source. A theoretical book or paper written by the theorist who developed the theory or conceptual content is a primary source. A secondary source summarizes or quotes content from primary sources. Thus, authors of secondary sources paraphrase the works of researchers and theorists. The problem with a secondary source is that the author has interpreted the works of someone else, and this interpretation is influenced by that author’s perception and bias. Authors have sometimes spread errors and misinterpretations by using secondary sources rather than primary sources. One should use mostly primary sources to write literature reviews. Secondary sources are used when primary sources cannot be located or utilized, or if a secondary source contains creative ideas or a unique organization of information not found in a primary source. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 101 Chapter 8: Objectives, Questions, Hypotheses and Study Variables Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the research objective? a. To answer the research question b. To determine the strength of the statistical relationship among the variables c. To determine whether homeless children seem to have longer length of hospital stay, poorer verbal skills, and more fear of separation from their parents than do other children d. To measure length of stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents in homeless children admitted to the hospital ANS: C Research objectives are clear, concise, declarative statements that are expressed in the present tense. For clarity, an objective usually focuses on one or two variables (or concepts) and indicates whether the variables are to be identified or described. Objectives can also identify relationships or associations among variables, determine differences between groups or compare groups on selected variables, and predict a dependent variable based on selected independent variables. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 138 2. What is the research question? a. Length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents have no relationship to children’s homelessness. b. Does children’s homelessness affect length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents? c. Was homelessness related to length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents in this study? d. Is homelessness in children related to length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents? ANS: D A research question is a concise, interrogative statement that is worded in the present tense and includes one or more variables (or concepts). The research questions focus on (1) the description of the variable(s), (2) a determination of differences between two or more groups regarding selected variables, (3) an examination of relationships among variables (relational), and (4) the use of independent variables to predict a dependent variable. In this case (3), the examination of relationships among variables, would be the focus of the research question, since cause is not a focus of study. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 140 3. What is the research hypothesis? a. Longer length of hospital stay, worse verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents are caused by children’s homelessness. b. Homelessness in children is related to length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents. c. There is no relationship between children’s homelessness and length of hospital stay, verbal skills, and fear of separation from parents. d. If a child is homeless, that child is likely to have poor verbal skills, more difficulty separating from parents, and a longer hospital stay. ANS: B A hypothesis is a formal statement of the expected relationship or relationships between two or more variables in a specified population. The hypothesis translates the problem and purpose into a clear explanation or prediction of the expected results or outcomes of the study. A hypothesis (1) specifies the variables the researcher will manipulate or measure, (2) identifies the population the researcher will examine, (3) indicates the type of research, and (4) directs the conduct of the study. Hypotheses are described using the terms in the following four categories: (1) associative versus causal, (2) simple versus complex, (3) directional versus nondirectional, and (4) null versus research. DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: Page 142 4. A researcher identifies three variables and formulates a hypothesis that links them. That hypothesis is testable. What does it mean that the hypothesis is testable? a. All the variables in the hypothesis are measurable. b. The hypothesis must be replaced by a research question. c. The value of the hypothesis is low. d. The hypothesis is causational. ANS: A Hypotheses identify different types of relationships and numbers of variables. A wellformulated hypothesis clearly identifies the relationship between the variables. A hypothesis’s value is ultimately derived from whether it can be tested in the real world. A testable hypothesis is one that contains variables that can be measured or manipulated in the world. DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis REF: Page 144 5. A stimulus or activity that is measured to examine the effect created by the independent variable best describes a(n) _____ variable. a. Independent b. Demographic c. Extraneous d. Dependent ANS: D In quantitative research, the independent variable (intervention, treatment, or experimental variable) is manipulated or varied by the researcher to cause an effect on the dependent variable. The dependent variable (response or outcome variable) is measured to examine the effect created by the independent variable. An independent variable is a stimulus or activity that is manipulated or varied by the researcher to create an effect on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the response behavior or outcome that the researcher wants to predict or explain. Extraneous variables exist in all studies and can affect the measurement of study variables and the relationships among them. Extraneous variables are of primary concern in quantitative studies, because they can obscure one’s understanding of the relational or causal dynamics within the studies. Demographic variables are attributes of the subjects that are measured during the study and used to describe the sample. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 145 6. The intervention that the researcher manipulates is the _____ variable. a. Independent b. Demographic c. Extraneous d. Dependent