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Summary SPSS notes

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once more, while this document has definitions and key points, it is quite short (nearly 1 page in length) and the information is taken from SPSS.. SPSS is a program designed for statistics.

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701 DATA ANALYSIS.

IMPORTANCE OF DATA VISUALIZATION IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES.

 Visualizing social science research refers to the techniques, processes, and tools that allow
students, instructors, and investigators to understand, present, and frame research.
 Includes maps, graphs, and diagrams that illuminate processes that are complex.
 Graphic illustrations can demystify and clarify designs. Collect data. And explore
measurement.
 SO WHY VISUALIZE SOCIAL SCIENCE?
 Social science research seeks to understand, explain, and predict human behaviour by
observing, reflecting, and/or measuring social phenomena.
 In science, it focuses on the study of society and relationships of individuals.
 7 Principles for Good science Research Figure 1.1.
 First six are the possibility of surprise.
 All honest research acknowledges its limitations.
 Always remain humble.
 Visualization has been used for scientific reasoning, so it is an analytical tool for
sensemaking.
 The bulk of what a. Research adults is an attempt to derive meaning from data. By
recognizing patterns.

Understanding the Research Process.

 Social science attempts to measure what is intangible. Perceptions, behaviors, emotions, and
personalities.
 Reliability considers the consistency of one's approach to measurement. Validity involves
assessing its accuracy and the conclusions we can draw as a result.
 There are four elements. At the heart of the assumptions and differences among researchers
from different disciplines:
Theoretical perspective.: philosophical stance that provides research context and informs
the rest of the process.
 Epistemology: theory of knowledge embedded in theoretical perspective. What is
knowledge and how do we know?
 Methodology: the design strategy of Plan of action required to gather and analyze data.
 Data collection: methodology directly affects this. Specific methods, techniques and
procedures used to collect data.

Common Theoretical and Epistemological Starting Points.

 Different approaches to research are based how people understand reality and develop
knowledge about it.
 Historically, Science has relied on positivism. The truth about the world.
 Now it's post positivism. Knowledge is speculative and not. Rock solid.
 the external world exists independently of an individual’s experience of it.
 there’s also critical realists- believe hat some observations about world are correct, and
others are not. acknowledge that all research is incomplete somehow.
 constructivist or interpretative tradition- reality is socially constructed and can be different
for different people. No universal truth.
 These approaches in turn influence how researchers view the process of reasoning.
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