Advanced Pathophysiology HESI Review Questions and Answers Graded A+

Advanced Pathophysiology HESI Review Questions and Answers Graded A+ metabolic acidosis low pH, low HCO3 metabolic alkalosis high pH, high HCO3 respiratory acidosis low pH, high CO2 respiratory alkalosis high pH, low CO2 metabolic acidosis causes Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation), Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates), Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency metabolic alkalosis causes Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid from body fluids; Contributing Causes: Excessive gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic therapy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin respiratory acidosis causes Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes: COPD, Pulmonary dz, Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea respiratory alkalosis causes • Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin (anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate poisoning. • Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure, pneumonia, pulmonary emboli). Can also be stimulated by fever. • Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing." Neuro exams include: -hand strength, limb strength -ability to follow commands -ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion -deep pain stimulus response -symmetrical and coordinated movement -clear, speech. Acute Bronchitis patho infection or inflammation of the bronchi. In more than 90% of individuals, this is a self-limiting disorder caused by viruses. will not have high fevers and will have only scattered coarse wheezes on examination without evidence of pulmonary consolidation. Chest X-ray examination is usually normal. Chronic Bronchitis patho sequence The chronic bronchitis pathophysiologic sequence of events is as follows: Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads to Recurrent respiratory infections, which lead to Airway inflammation, which leads to Bronchospasm and irreversible airway obstruction chronic bronchitis patho characterized