APHY 101 midterm study guide

Chapter 1  Explain the difference between the study of Anatomy and the study of Physiology? 1. Anatomy – “a cutting up” examines the structures, or morphology, of body parts their forms & organization 2. “ Relationship to nature” considers the functions of the body parts what they do & how they do it  Name and define the levels of organization of life? Simplest to most complex 1. Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism  Define metabolism. 1. Physiological events that obtain,release, & use energy are largely part of metabolism of all the chemical reactions in an organism that support life  Define homeostasis? How does a homeostatic mechanism maintain homeostasis? 1. Tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological process  What is meant by negative feedback? How does negative feedback affect homeostatic mechanisms? 2. Negative feedback is a reaction that causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to some kind of stimulus. Often it causes the output of a system to be lessened; so, the feedback tends to stabilize the system. This can be referred to as homeostatis, as in biology, or equilibrium, as in mechanics  Know the locations of the major body cavities. Be familiar with major organs within each cavity. 2. Cranial Cavity 3. Spinal Cavity 4. Pleural Cavity 5. Pleural Cavity 6. Diaphragm 7. Abdominal Cavity 8. Pelvic Cavity  Describe the structure of a serous membrane? 1. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (simple squamous epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid  (Referring to section 7) What are signs of aging at the cellular level?  What is meant by Anatomical Position? 1. The body is assumed to be standing, feet together, arms to the side and head, eyes, and palms of hands facing forward Page  *Know the meaning of the common anatomical terms presented in the textbook for relative position (such as medial vs. lateral, proximal vs. distal, etc.). 2. Superior – above, over 3. Inferior – below, under 4. Medial – toward the side, away from midline 5. Proximal – near, closer to the origin 6. Distal – away from, farther from the origin 7. Superficial – more external 8. Deep – more internal 9. Sagittal plane – vertical plane through body, divides right from left 10. Midsagittal – sagittal plane that divides body into equal left & right regions 11. Parasagittal plane – divides body into unequal right & left regions 12. Frontal plane/Coronal plane – divided anterior & posterior region 13. Transverse – horizontal plane, divides midsection into superior & inferior regions Chapter 2  Explain why Chemistry is an important part of the study of Physiology. 1. Chemistry is important to this study because physiological responses in the body are are controlled by chemical reactions, everything form thinking, to muscle contraction to digestion is controlled by chemical reactions and signals  Define atom, element, molecule, and compound. 2. Atom – smallest unit of an element that has the chemical properties of an element 3. Element 0 simplest examples of matter with specific chemical properties 4. Molecule – 2 or more atoms may combine to form a distinctive type of particles 5. Compound – 2 or more separate elements  Name the bulk elements of the human body. 1. Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus  What do Atomic Number and Atomic Weight of an atom represent? 2. Element is equal to the number of protons in each atom 3. Equal to the number of protons plus the # of neutrons in each atom  Define ion? How do we indicate in a molecular formula if an atom is an ion? 1. An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons 2. Molecule with extra electrons has a negative charge  Define isotope? 1. Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights  Distinguish between types of Chemical Reactions: Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, & Reversible. 2. Synthesis : Large molecules build up from smaller ones 3. Decomposition: Molecules break down; and exchange reactions Page  4. Exchange: Parts of two different molecules trade positions 5. Reversible: Directions of a reaction depends upon the proportion of reactants & products & energy available  Define electrolyte. 1. Compounds that ionize in water  Define Acid, Base, and Neutral compound. How are acids and bases represented on the pH scale? How do hydrogen ion concentrations change as the numbers change? 2. Acid: Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions 3. Base: release hydroxide or other ions that react with hydrogen ions 4. Neutral: Don’t have any characteristics of an acid or alkali 5. Equal number of hydrogen and OH- is neutral has a Ph of 7.0 6. More H+ than OH- is acidic pH less than 7.0 7. Fewer H+ than OH- is basic  What is Acidosis? Alkalosis?  What distinguishes an Organic compound from an Inorganic compound? 1. Inorganic a. Water is most abundant compound in the body b. Oxygen releases energy fro metabolic activities from glucose & other molecules c. Carbon dioxide is produced when certain metabolic processes release energy d. Inorganic salts provide ions needed in a variety of metabolic processes e. Electrolytes must be present in certain concentrations 2. Organic a. Carbohydrates provide much energy cells require & build simple sugar molecules b. Lipids c. Proteins  *Give Examples and Characteristics of the 4 types of Organic Molecules. Reference Table 2.8. 1. Carbohydrates : glucose, sucrose, glycogen 2. Lipids: Fat, cholestrol 3. Proteins: albumins,hemoglobin 4. Nucleic Acid: RNA, DNA  What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fat? 1. Unsaturated are typically liquid at room temperature 2. Saturated in their chemical structure contain one or more double bond  How are the levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) of structure of a protein created? 1. Tertiary: sequence of amino acids, presence of alpha- helixs or beta sheets, unique 3 dimensional folding of molecule, 3D shape 2. Primary – make up a polypeptide chain 3. Secondary – regular, repeated patters of folding of the protein back bone 4. Quaternary – form more than one polypeptide chain, subunits are packed together Page  Chapter 3  What are the major parts of a cell? What are organelles? 1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm 3. Cell membrane 4. Organelles suspended in a liquid called cytosol a. Divide the labor in a cell by portioning off certain areas or providing specific functions  *For the Organelles described in the textbook - know structure and function. Reference Table 3.2.