WCU Patho 370 Midterm Exam 2023 Questions and Answers

Tertiary Prevention Examples - Answer- Counseling on medication; rehabilitation; supportive care; reducing disability Latent Period - Answer- time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and/or symptoms Endemic - Answer- Native to local region Subclinical Disease - Answer- no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection) Etiology - Answer- cause of disease Idiopathic - Answer- unknown cause latrogenic - Answer- Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment Primary prevention - Answer- altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons ex: vaccinations Allostasis - Answer- process by which the body achieves stability through homeostatis Selye's 3 Phases of Stress - Answer- Alarm reaction; resistance; exhaustian sympathetic nervous system: Norepinephrine - Answer- causes vasoconstriction & increases BP; Reduces gastric secretions; increases night and far vision sympathetic nervous system: epinephrine - Answer- enhances myocardial contractility; increases HR & CO; causes bronchiodilation; increases glucose release from liver Hormones released during the stress response - Answer- Cortisol Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Norepinephrine Epinephrine Endorphines Oxytocin RAA pathway (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) Types of intracellular accumulation - Answer- -Excessive amounts of normal intracellular substance -Abnormal substances from faulty matabolism synthesis -particles that the cell is unable to degrade Cellular adaptation types - Answer- -Atrophy: Decrease cell size -Hypertrophy: increase cell size -Hyperplasia: increase cell number -Metaplasia: conversion of one cell type to another -Dysplasia: disorderly growth Coagulative necrosis - Answer- this process begins with ischemia, ends with degradation of plasma membrane (heart) Liquefactive necrosis - Answer- liquification of lysosomal enzymes, formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue (brain) Fat necrosis - Answer- death of adipose tissue, appears as chalk white area ,usually due to trauma or pancreatitis (pancreas) Caseous Necrosis - Answer- characteristic of lung damage secondary to tuberculosis (bacterial infection; resembles clumpy cheese (lung) Apoptosis - Answer- programmed cell death Side effects of chemotherapy - Answer- anemia nausea bleeding infections -oma - Answer- tumor carcinoma - Answer- cancerous tumor (begins in kin or tissue that lines or covers body organs) sarcoma - Answer- malignant tumor (begins in bone or in soft tissue of the body) staging - Answer- the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis (stage 0 to 4) grading - Answer- a way to classify cancer cells & is done by a pathologist Degree of malignancy & differentiation Low Grade (Grade I, II) High Grade (Grade III, IV)