Patho 370 Quiz #1 (solved)

Etiology - Answer- the cause of a disease or condition (initiation of disease) *closely related to pathogenesis -maintaining disease-) Pathophysiology - Answer- Study of abnormal conditions "disease" Oxygen helps carry _______ to ________ ________in body - Answer- ATP, every cell Signs - Answer- Objective information visible to the eye Symptoms - Answer- Subjective information, "feelings that are not visible, only felt" Thrombosis - Answer- a Stationary clot Embolism - Answer- a traveling clot (never move sight where suspect clot is present, clot can travel to the heart or lungs and create blockage) Pulmonary embolism - Answer- a clot that cannot pass through the capillaries in the lungs (SOB will be present) Pathogenesis - Answer- Maintenance of disease Development or evolution of a disease, from initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of disease Latent period - Answer- time between exposure and infection Prodromal period - Answer- When signs and symptoms first appear & pathogen begins to multiply Exacerbation - Answer- Increase in severity of S&S Remission - Answer- Decrease in severity of S&S, "getting well" Epidemiology - Answer- The study of patterns of disease among human population for the purpose of establishing programs t prevent and control their spread Endemic - Answer- disease found in local areas only (ex: malaria only found in Africa bc of rivers infested with virus carrying mosquitoes) Pandemic - Answer- Rapid spread of a disease throughout many countries Epidemic - Answer- Rapid spread of a disease to a lot of people suddenly Levels of prevention - Answer- Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Primary level (level of prevention) - Answer- Reduce exposure and alter susceptibility to disease (avoid crowds, get vaccinated) Secondary level (level of prevention) - Answer- Early detection of disease (pap smear, breast exam, screenings) Tertiary level (level of prevention) - Answer- Rehabilitation (forms of rehab) Active Immunization - Answer- Injected with a non live virus,, so that you develop your own antibodies against virus Passive Immunization - Answer- Live virus/antibodies injected into person Antibodies - Answer- Immunoglobin Homeostasis - Answer- Equilibrium state in human body, "level of balance" General Adaptation Syndromes (GAS) - Answer- Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion Alarm (G.A.S.) - Answer- *Fight or flight response *-SURVIVE- *Release of cortisol, epinephrine and sympathetic response Resistance (G.A.S.) - Answer- Bodies return to homeostasis after state of alarm Exhaustion (G.A.S.) - Answer- Body is unable to return to homeostasis after state of alarm (Sickness: progression, dehydration, fainting, etc.) Stressors (types) - Answer- Physical, Chemical or emotional stress Stressors pathway (Via anterior pituitary gland) - Answer- Excite receptors, -detected by HYPOTHALUMUS- Releases CRH to stimulate ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND (secretes ACTH, which goes into bloodstream) then stimulates ADRENAL CORTEX (outer adrenal gland) , which releases CORTISOL & ALDOSTERONE (glucocorticoids) -Once this stage(anterior pituitary) is activated, the alarm stage progresses to a state of resistance- Hypothalamus simultaneously... - Answer- releases CRH to stimulate sympathetic nervous system and anterior pituitary gland Stressors pathway (Via sympathetic nervous system) - Answer- Hypothalamus releases CRH to stimulate Sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates the ADRENAL MEDULLA (inner adrenal gland) which secretes EPINEPHRINE & NOREPHRINE (catecholamines) causing "flight or fight" response (alarm) *SURVIVAL MODE* Cell injury is both... - Answer- reversible & irreversible Hydropic swelling - Answer- water follows sodium, more sodium inside cell means more water-causing swelling in cells- Active transport - Answer- Requires ATP -movement of substance form low to high concentration- Example: Sodium pump (moves molecules against their concentration gradient) Passive transport - Answer- No ATP required Example: Alveoli in lungs when they exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide Ischemia - Answer- a decrease in blood flow to an organ or part of body, especially in heart muscles