BSC 2346 Module_05_Midterm_Exam_Review Mid-Term Exam Review: PowerPoint Lecture Topics/Objectives

BSC 2346 Module_05_Midterm_Exam_Review Mid-Term Exam Review: PowerPoint Lecture Topics/Objectives Module 01 Scientific Method Review • Define the scientific method. The way we seek new knowledge • Label the steps to the scientific method. Observation, measurement, experiment, formulation, testing & modification of hypothesis • Define the variables associated with the scientific method. Independent variable-one the scientist changes Dependent variable-The variable scientist is watching for change Controlled variable- The variable that is constant Module 01 Homeostasis Review • Define metabolism and its role within the body. Metabolism-Chemical reactions involved in the maintain the living state of organisms. Chemical reactions make things in the body work. 2 types: Anabolism-smaller, simpler molecules are combines into larger, complex molecules. Uses energy Catabolism- breaking down larger, complex substances into simple molecules. Releases energy • Explain the process of homeostasis. We have a set point (physiological valve around which normal values fluctuate) This creates a normal range (restricted values for healthy and stable living). When something goes out of range a negative feedback look takes place(Mechanism that prevents physiological response from going beyond normal range by reversing an action once normal range is exceeded) The sensors/receptors measure the physiological values. The effectors are responsible for reversing the situation to return to normal range. • Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback loops. Positive feedback loop: Moves a bodys state of stability away from normal range. (childbirth, blood loss) Negative feedback loop: Works on moving a body’s state of stability back to its normal range of values. (sweating) • Discuss the importance of maintaining homeostasis. Feedback loops are important because if we exceed or normal values range for to long it can cause detrimental effects on our bodies, even death. Its an important response as it keeps our body stable and functioning at its best. Module 01 Chemistry Review • Define the structure of an atom. Electrons surrounding a nucleus, which contains a proton and neutrons • Compare and contrast the different types of chemical bonding. Ionic bond: +/- charged ion, combine to balance outer electron shell, weak bond Covalent bond: share electrons to complete outer electron shell, strong bond (CO2) Hydrogen bond: positively charged H (hydrogen) ions, weakly attracted to negative charged ions • Define the pH scale and explain the importance of maintaining proper pH. PH is the measurement of H+ ion concentration, measures 0-14. 0-7 acidic 7-14 base 7 neutral Blood is slightly alkaline, measuring 7.35-7.45, in order to properly function needs to stay around 7.40 • Compare and contrast organic compounds. 4 organic molecules: Proteins: made up of amino acids and carry out many functions (ie: catalyzing reactions-enzymes) Lipids make up the cellular membrane (phospholipid bilayer) made up of fatty acids Carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars (glucose & maltose) Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides and form nucleic material such as DNA Module 01 Cellular Structure and Function Review • Label and explain the components all cells share. Plasma Membrane-cell boundries, interaction with cells, allows for movement between cells Cytoplasm/Organelles-between plasma membrane and nucleus, Contains mitochondria, ribosomes, and ER Nucleus- • Explain the structure and function of the cell membrane. The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton. • Compare and contrast the various cellular organelles. • mitochondria produces energy through cellular respiration • rough endoplasmic reticulum transport and storage • ribosomes create proteins • smooth endoplasmic reticulum creates lipids or fat • chloroplast creates glucose • golgi apparatus synthesis, packages and releases concentrate proteins or lipids • golgi body protein or lipid enters the cytoplasm • cytoplasm where all chemicals take place • glycoprotein short sugar chains attached to proteins • glyco lipids lipids attached to proteins • cisternae flattened stacked membrane folds • liposome small membrane bounded transport vesicles • peroxisome microbodies found in animal cells • centrioles for cellular division and cellular reproduction • cytoskeleton supports structure and helps move synthesized proteins • lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion • cilia hair like structures • flagellum tail • contractile vacuole pump water out of cell • red blood cells carries oxygen, glucose • vesicle moves protein, lipid and carbohydrate • nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus • vacuole contains food or water • cell membrane separates cell contents from the environment • microtubules provide internal support • nucleus information center of the cell • nucleolus site of ribosome synthesis • chromatin threadlike mass of DNA • skeletal tissues attached by tendons to bones • smooth tissues on the wall of the guts; the iris of the eye • cardiac tissues at the heart • Define the role of the nucleus within a cell. The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully-enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes. Module 01 Cellular Transport and Respiration Review • Compare and contrast the various methods of membrane transport. Passive transport- requires no energy (ATP- Adenosine triphosphate) Types: Simple diffusion: - lipid soluable (hydrophobic) substance that diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayers. - Process by which molecules/ions scatter or spread spontaneously from regions of HIGH concentration to LOW. Facilitated: - Like diffusion but needs a facilitated carrier (IE protein channel) Osmosis: - Movement of water molecules - Must be a permeable membrane - - Red blood cells – Osmosis - Isotonic-cells retain the size and shape = concentration of water in cell and the outside solution. - Hypertonic-Cells lose water , shrink I size and shape - Hypotonic-cells take on water due to water outside being greater than water in cell, cell will lysis and burst. Active Transport:-Uses ATP to move solutes and or substances across plasma membrane. - Endocytosis- movement of substances into cell - Phagocytosis- (cell eating) when cell engulfs a solid particle and brings it into the cell. (IE white blood cell “consuming” a bacteria) - Pinocytosis- (cell drinking) tiny vacuoles that bring droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances into cell. - Exocytosis-movement of substances to outside of the cell. Vessicles absorbs waste and fuses with membrane, then released. • Define cellular respiration. The chemical process that generates most of the energy in the cell, supplying the molecules needed to make the metabolic reactions of an organism run. • Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Module 01 Tissue Review • List the four types of human tissues. Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous, COnnective • Compare and contrast the four types of human tissues. Muscle- made up of excitable cells that are long and fibrous. These cells are ready for contraction, or the activation of tension in our muscles, making it possible for us to move our body parts. Epithelial- Can be flat, cylindrical or cuboidal. They are joined tightly together, making a single or stacked continuous sheet. Like a quilt that is tightly stitched, epithelium makes an excellent protective cover for the body, in the form of skin. Epithelial tissue can also be found lining some internal cavities and organs. Connective- makes up a connective web inside our body. Holding our body parts together and providing support are the main jobs of this tissue. Connective tissue fills in the spaces inside our body with a matrix made of fibers within a liquid, solid, or jelly-like substance. Nervous- found within the nervous system and is made up of unique specialized cells. Like electrical circuits, the nervous system transmits signals from nerves to the spinal cord and brain. Cells known as neurons conduct these impulses, making it possible for us to use our senses. • Identify the characteristics of each tissue type. Module 01 Genetics Review • Describe the function and role of DNA. -composed of polynucleotides -- have a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen containing bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine) -Has a doubled helix that is formed by hydrogen bonds between polynucleotides -Densely compacted into chromosomes to fit into nucleus ­stores an organisms genetic material in the nuclei ­replicates itself when dividing ­provides code or template for the particular sequencing of amino acids that bond together and make a protein • Define the terms: Hereditary, genotype, phenotype, autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive. Hereditary- determined by genetic factors and therefore able to be passed on from parents to their offspring or descendants Genotype- The genotype refers to the entire set of genes in a cell, an organism, or an individual. A gene for a particular character or trait may exist in two allelic forms; one is dominant (e.g. A) and the other is recessive (e.g. a). Based on this, there could be three possible genotypes for a particular character: AA (homozygous dominant), Aa (heterozygous), and aa (homozygous recessive). Phenotype- The physical appearance of displayed alleles or genotpe. Autosomal dominate- pattern of dominant inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes Autosomal recessive- pattern of recessive inheritance that corresponds to a gene on one of the 22 autosomal chromosomes • Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis- a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division). During mitosis one cell? divides once to form two identical cells. The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells. Meisos- a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells – sperm in males, eggs in females.