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6-Organic Chemistry 1
Definitions
Functional Groups
Naming Carbon Chains
Naming Functional Groups
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Isomerism
Stereoisomerism
Naming E-Z Stereoisomers
Alkanes
Refining Crude Oil
Fractional Distillation
Cracking
Reforming
Alkanes as Fuels
Complete Combustion
Incomplete Combustion
Pollution from Combustion
Nitrogen Oxides - NOx
Catalytic Converters
6-Organic Chemistry 1 1
, Biofuels
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Test for Halogenoalkanes
Alcohols
Mechanisms
Homolytic Fission
Heterolytic Fission
Mechanisms
Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes
Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes
Methods of Disposal of Waste Polymers
Nucleophilic Substitution of Halogenoalkanes
Reactions of Alcohols
Test for Alcohols
Organic Techniques
Distillation
Reflux
Definitions
Hydrocarbon:
Compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only
Saturated:
Contains single carbon-carbon bonds only
Unsaturated:
Contains a C=C double bond
Single Bond:
σ - bond
Double Bond:
σ - bond and π - bond
Triple Bond:
σ - bond and 2 π - bonds
Molecular Formula:
6-Organic Chemistry 1 2
, Formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom
Empirical Formula:
Shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the
compound
General Formula:
Algebraic formula for a homologous series e.g. Cn H2n
Structural Formula:
Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
E.g. butane: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
Displayed Formula:
Shows all the covalent bonds present in a molecule
Skeletal Formula:
Shows the simplified organic formula - by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl
chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and functional groups
6-Organic Chemistry 1 3
, Homologous Series:
Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same
general formula
Show a gradual change in physical properties (e.g. boiling point)
Each member differs by CH2 from the last
Same chemical properties
Functional Groups
Functional Group:
An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes
them to have similar chemical properties
6-Organic Chemistry 1 4
, Naming Carbon
Chains
Count the longest carbon chain.
Find any branched chains and
count how many carbons they
6-Organic Chemistry 1 5
6-Organic Chemistry 1
Definitions
Functional Groups
Naming Carbon Chains
Naming Functional Groups
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Isomerism
Stereoisomerism
Naming E-Z Stereoisomers
Alkanes
Refining Crude Oil
Fractional Distillation
Cracking
Reforming
Alkanes as Fuels
Complete Combustion
Incomplete Combustion
Pollution from Combustion
Nitrogen Oxides - NOx
Catalytic Converters
6-Organic Chemistry 1 1
, Biofuels
Alkenes
Halogenoalkanes
Test for Halogenoalkanes
Alcohols
Mechanisms
Homolytic Fission
Heterolytic Fission
Mechanisms
Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes
Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes
Methods of Disposal of Waste Polymers
Nucleophilic Substitution of Halogenoalkanes
Reactions of Alcohols
Test for Alcohols
Organic Techniques
Distillation
Reflux
Definitions
Hydrocarbon:
Compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only
Saturated:
Contains single carbon-carbon bonds only
Unsaturated:
Contains a C=C double bond
Single Bond:
σ - bond
Double Bond:
σ - bond and π - bond
Triple Bond:
σ - bond and 2 π - bonds
Molecular Formula:
6-Organic Chemistry 1 2
, Formula which shows the actual number of each type of atom
Empirical Formula:
Shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the
compound
General Formula:
Algebraic formula for a homologous series e.g. Cn H2n
Structural Formula:
Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
E.g. butane: CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
Displayed Formula:
Shows all the covalent bonds present in a molecule
Skeletal Formula:
Shows the simplified organic formula - by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl
chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and functional groups
6-Organic Chemistry 1 3
, Homologous Series:
Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same
general formula
Show a gradual change in physical properties (e.g. boiling point)
Each member differs by CH2 from the last
Same chemical properties
Functional Groups
Functional Group:
An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes
them to have similar chemical properties
6-Organic Chemistry 1 4
, Naming Carbon
Chains
Count the longest carbon chain.
Find any branched chains and
count how many carbons they
6-Organic Chemistry 1 5
