BIOD 152 Module 2 Exam

BIOD 152 Module 2 Exam Human Brain Divisions Ans- cerebrum, brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum What protects the brain? Ans- skull, meninges, and BBB Ventricles of the brain Ans- cavities within the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid; 2 lateral, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle Meninges Ans- 3 layers of connective tissue that cover and protect the CNS organs and enclose CSF. Dura Mater Ans- thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord pia mater Ans- the delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. CSF Ans- special fluid formed in walls of ventricles from blood plasma by permeating through the choroid plexus; cushions the brain and spinal cord by providing buoyancy, allowing the brain to float. BBB Ans- diffusion barrier that prevents most particles from entering CNS tissue; brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation. Formed by impermeable brain capillaries, due to astrocytes due to need for stable chemical environment. Cerebrum Ans- largest part of the brain, 83%; includes median longitudinal fissure, left and right cerebral hemispheres, gyri, sulci, and fissures corpus callosum Ans- A bridge of white nerve fibers that connect cerebral hemispheres Cerebral cortex Ans- outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain Deep sulci Ans- frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Frontal sulci Ans- controls higher level executive fx like reasoning and decision making; controls motor fx and control over voluntary muscle actions parietal lobe Ans- A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch; receive sensory info from receptors in mouth for taste and in skn four touch, pain, and pressure. Occipital Ans- interprets visual input Temporal Ans- sensory areas for hearing and smelling Association areas Ans- act mainly to integrate more than 1 type of sensory info for purposeful action Primary motor cortex Ans- the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement Primary sensory cortex Ans- regions of the cerebral cortex that initially process information from the senses Broca's area Ans- controls language expression - an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech; speech production Wernicke's Area Ans- located in temporal lobe; speech comprehension Conciousness Ans- state of being awake/aware, located in the cerebrum. Cerebrum controls: Ans- Cerebrum controls activities of the lower parts of the brain, can override functioning of lower parts of brain (i.e. via biofeedback, meditation, etc.), initiates voluntary motor activities and controls actions of cerebellum by acting on sensory input via thalamus. Brainstem Ans- medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain medulla oblongata Ans- Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion; vasoconstriction, reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping and swallowing, tracts that ascend or descend between SC and brains higher centers vasoconstriction Ans- the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure. Pons Ans- Contains axon bundles traveling between cerebellum and rest of CNS; fx with medulla to regulate breathing rate and has reflex centers concerned with head movements in response to auditory and visual stimuli Midbrain Ans- Acts as a relay center for tracts passing between the cerebrum, SC or cerebellum; reflexcenters for higher levl fxs involved in visual, auditory, and tactile responses. Superior and inferior colliculi Ans- located at the rostral end of the brainstem, control reflexes for head, neck in response to sudden visual or auditory stimulus Diencephalon Ans- thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus maintains homeostasis, regulates basic body fx like hinger, sleep, thirst, body temp, water balance, and BP Controls pituitary gland by regulating hormones of endocrine link between nervous and endocrine systems Thalamus Ans- the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla; filters out unimportant sensory info and directs it to appropriate regions of cerebruum for interpretation. Epithalamus Ans- contains the pineal gland (melatonin for sleep-wake cycle) Cerebellum Ans- Mini-Brain composed of thin outer cortex of gray matter and internal white matter Maintain balance, certain eye movements, normal muscle tone, and posture keeps joints and bones in place Anterior and posterior lobes Ans- receive info from body trunk and influence motor activities of trunk, shoulders, and pectoral girdle muscles Vermis Ans- intermediate portion/ coordinates limb movements cerebellar peduncles Ans- fiber tracts that communicate with other parts of the brain The Limbic System Ans- neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. involves both concious and unconcious parts of brain our "feeling brain" because stimulation of different areas of limbic causes rage and anger, pain, pleasure, and sorrow cingulate gyrus Ans- plays role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict; connects different lobes of cerebrum Hippocampus Ans- involved in retrieval and storage of memories Amygdala Ans- small portion of limbic that's involved in emotions such as rage and anger Fornix Ans- bundle of nerve fibers that serve as a connection to hippocampus Mamillary bodies Ans- contains fibers that project into thalamus and assist with memory of smell Basal Ganglia Ans- masses of gray matter that lie deep within each hemisphere of cerebrum part of limbic system responsible for working with the cerebellum to regulate planning motor movements and motor learning overall effect is to have an inhibitory effect of cerebral cortex to slow down and control precise movements Parkinson's disease Apraxia Ans- inability to perform particular purposive actions, as a result of brain damage. Results in rigid movements and difficulty in executing a motor plan. Spinal Cord Ans- a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain extends from brainstem to 1st lumbar vertebrae and terminates at the conus medullaris Cauda equina Ans- collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord vertebral column Ans- Protects spinal cord, meninges, and csf spinal dura mater Ans- single-layer sheath that is separated from vertebral column via epidural space Filium terminale Ans- extension of pia mater, anchors spinal cord to coccyx Spinal tap Ans- placement of a needle through an intervertebral space int