Pharm Exam 1-Pharmacology for Nursing exam with 100% Correct Answers 2023

Pharm Exam 1-Pharmacology for Nursing exam with 100% Correct Answers 2023 Pharmacology comes from the greek work pharmakon meaning - Correct AnswerPoision or potion/the study of poison Pharmacology definition - Correct Answer-The study of the manner in which the function of living systems is affected by chemical substances Drug definition - Correct Answer-Any chemical substance other than those required for normal sustenance which produces a biological effect Pharmacodynamics - Correct Answer-How drugs interact with cells, tissues, and organs Pharmakokinetics - Correct Answer-How the body interacts with drugs (A disease process can trigger increased metabolism of a drug) Pharmacotherapeutics - Correct Answer-The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or to prevent pregnancy Properties of an ideal drug - Correct Answer-Effective=MOST IMPORTANT Safe Selective Profiled to individuals Contraindication - Correct Answer-A condition which makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable; may be absolute or relative Absolute contraindication - Correct Answer-Aspirin in babies Relative contraindication - Correct Answer-X-rays in pregnant women Adverse reactions - Correct Answer-A dangerous or unexpected negative reaction to a drug/unwanted effect caused by the administration of a drug -Not an allergy Collaborative practice - Correct Answer-When two or more people work together for a common goal Steps of FDA approval - Correct Answer-1. Preclinical investigaion: extensive laboratory research 2. Clinical research: second state of drug testing--3 different stages (clinical phase trials) 3. Review of New Drug Application (NDA) 4. Postmarketing surveillance For each drug, there is always... - Correct Answer-ONLY ONE GENERIC NAME! ALWAYS USE!!! Chemical drug names - Correct Answer-Scientific name that precisely describes the drug's atomic and molecular structure Generic/nonproprietary drug names - Correct Answer-Assigned by US Adopted Name Council--only one generic name Trade name (Brand name) - Correct Answer-Assigned by the company marketing the drug, usually short and easy to remember Therapeutic drug classification - Correct Answer-Method of organizing drugs based on their therapeutic usefulness in treating particular diseases -Hints at action Pharmacologic drug classification - Correct Answer-Refers to the way an agent works at the molecular, tissue, and body system level -Exactly what drug does -Very specific -USE THIS Properties of Pharmokinetics - Correct Answer-Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Absorption - Correct Answer-Movement of a substance from its site of administrationacross body membranes-to circulating fluids Factors affecting drug absorption - Correct Answer--Rate of dissolution (how fast it dissolves) -Surface area (larger=faster absorption) -Blood flow (faster where flow is high) -Lipid solubility (usually absorbs faster if highly lipid-soluble) -pH partitioning (enhanced with higher difference between site of administration and plasma) Distribution - Correct Answer-Process by which the drug is delivered to the tissues and fluids of the body Factors affecting distribution - Correct Answer--Blood flow to tissues (high blood flow like heart, liver, and kidneys=fast; skin, fat, and muscle=slow) -Ability for drug to exit vasculature (most don't produce effects within the blood) Metabolism/biotransformation - Correct Answer-Refers tot he body's ability to change a drug from its dosable form to a more water-soluble form that can then be excreted Location of metabolism - Correct Answer--Mostly by enzymes in the liver -Can also occur in plasma, kidneys, and membranes of intestines Factors deceasing metabolism - Correct Answer--Certain diseases (liver diseases like cirrhosis; heart failure) -Genetics -Environment -Age Cytochrome P450 - Correct Answer-Major drug metabolizing enzyme system--problems activate, deactivate, slow, or speed up drug action --as with other hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes First pass effect - Correct Answer-Drug may be completely metabolized by the liver on the first pass through GI tract -Only applies to oral drugs -Reason why oral drugs have higher doses than IV Excretion - Correct Answer-Process of drugs being removed from the body; rate of excretion determines concentration in bloodstream and tissues Loading dose - Correct Answer-Initial dose is larger to bring up to effective concentration in tissues and fluids -Called bolus does or priming Factors affecting dosage - Correct Answer--Based on body surface area -Drug should be in therapeutic range -Bolus dose gets level up to therapeutic range -Following normal doses -Maintain plasma drug level Plasma half life - Correct Answer-Time for medication concentration to decrease by half after administration Greater half life means - Correct Answer-It takes longer for the drug to be excreted Drugs with shorter half lives need - Correct Answer-Higher dosage Minimum effective concentration - Correct Answer-Amount of drug required to produce therapeutic effect Toxic concentration - Correct Answer-Level of drug that will result in serious adverse affects Therapeutic range - Correct Answer-Plasma drug concentration between minimum effective concentration and toxic concentration Plateau - Correct Answer-When he amount of drug eliminated between doses equals the dose administered; average drug levels will remain constant and plateau will have been reached Potency - Correct Answer-Refers to the amount of drug we must give to elicit an effect-- -says nothing about maximal efficacy Agonists - Correct Answer-Activate receptors; have a high affinity and high intrinisic activity; make things in body work better, faster, stronger Antagonists - Correct Answer-Prevent receptor activation, must be agonist present in order for antagonist to have any effect; stop processes in body from working/diminish them Partial agonist - Correct Answer-Only has moderate intrinsic activity ED 50 - Correct Answer-50% get effective dose, 50% get too high or too low dose The dose at the middle of the frequency curve; becomes standard average dose Therapeutic index/margin of safety - Correct Answer-Large index=relatively safe drug Narrow index=small range between toxic and ineffective=relatively unsfe LD 50 - Correct Answer-Average lethal dose--lethal to 50% of people