MDC 2 Exam 2 Review with Complete Solutions

Potassium normal range - ANSWER-3.5-5.0 Sodium normal range - ANSWER-135-145 mEq/L Chloride normal range - ANSWER-95-105 mEq/L Calcium normal range - ANSWER-8.2 -10 Bicarbonate (HCO3-) normal range - ANSWER-22-26 mEq/L PaCO2 normal range - ANSWER-35-45 mm Hg pH normal range - ANSWER-7.35-7.45 Magnesium normal range - ANSWER-1.5-2.5 mEq/L PaO2 normal range - ANSWER-80-100 mm Hg Hyponatremia S/S - ANSWER-Nausea Muscle cramps Confusion Muscular twitching, coma Seizures Headache Hypernatremia S/S - ANSWER-Elevated temp Weakness Disorientation Irritability and restlessness Thirst Dry, swollen tongue Sticky mucous membranes Hypotension Tachycardia Hypocalcemia S/S - ANSWER-C.A.T.S. C - Convulsions A- Arrhythmias T - Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles) S - Spasms and stridor Hypercalcemia S/S - ANSWER-Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Neurosis, Dysrhythmias, Hypokalemia s/s - ANSWER-Fatigue, Anorexia, N/V, Muscle weakness, Decreased GI motility, Dysrhythmias, Paresthesia, Flat T waves on ECG Hyperkalemia S/S - ANSWER-Muscle weakness, Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Faccid paralysis, Intestinal colic, Tall T waves on ECG Hypomagnesemia S/S - ANSWER-Twitching Paresthesias Hyperactive reflexes *Irritability* Confusion Positive Chvostek's or Trousseau's sign Shallow respirations Tetany Seizures Tachycardia Hypermagnesemia S/S - ANSWER-hypotension (LOW BP) AV heart block respiratory paralysis (Mg 12-15 mEq/L) muscle weakness (HYPOCALCEMIA) Hypercalcemia causes - ANSWER-malignancy and hyperparathyroidism, bone loss related to immobility Hypocalcemia causes - ANSWER-1. Hypoparathyroidism 2. Radical neck 3. Thyroidectomy (All = Not enough PTH!) Hypernatremia causes - ANSWER-*Decreased water intake* *Fever* *Excessive* perspiration *Dehydration* *Hyperventilation* *Watery* diarrhea *Diabetes insipidus* Cushing's syndrome *Impaired* renal function Use of corticosteroids *Excessive administration of sodium bicarbonate* Hyponatremia causes - ANSWER-Vomiting