MDC2 Exam 1 Latest Updated with Complete Solutions

benign cells - ANSWER-Harmless; does not usually require interventions. Slow growing. Ex: moles/skin tags, tumors, polyps Maligant cells - ANSWER-Indicates cancer; serious and can lead to death without interventions Seven warning signs of cancer - ANSWER-Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness stages of cancer development - ANSWER-initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis Initiation stage - ANSWER-Normal cells are damaged, irreversible Promotion stage - ANSWER-required for malignancy - the promoting agent simulates the growth and division of a cell Progression stage - ANSWER-The third stage in the development of cancer, in which damaged cells progress to form a tumor that invades surrounding tissues. Metastasis stage - ANSWER-move to a secondary site Primary prevention for cancer - ANSWER--No smoking or second hand smoke -Exercise and good nutrition -Maintain normal body weight -Limit or eliminate alcohol intake -Vaccines for preventable viral exposures (ex: Hep B and HPV) -Avoid exposure to known carcinogens -Avoid excess sunlight Secondary cancer prevention - ANSWER-Mamogram Colinoscopy Prostate exam Cancer classification - ANSWER--grading -ploidy -staging -TNM -Doubling time -mitotic index Grading of tumor - ANSWER-looking under microscope at cancer cells. (1-4) ploidy level - ANSWER-number of sets of chromosomes in a cell Staging of a tumor - ANSWER-how large the tumor it is and how much it spread TNM - ANSWER-Tumor- How large? primary or secondary? Node- Lymph node? Metastasis- Movement Doubling time and mitotic index - ANSWER-Period of time for cells to multiple by 2 in size Types of cancers - ANSWER-carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, blastomas Carcinomas - ANSWER-cancers that arise in the skin, body chamber linings, or glands sarcoma - ANSWER-malignant tumor of connective tissue lymphoma - ANSWER-malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue leukemia - ANSWER-cancer of white blood cells blastoma - ANSWER-Cancers of the embryonic tissues Diagnostic tests for cancer - ANSWER--Laboratory tests -Radiographic tests -Biopsy; Tumor, Classification -Bone marrow aspiration -Other diagnostics; Bronchoscopy, Colonoscopy, Endoscopy Risk factors for cancer - ANSWER-1. lung cancer: tobacco smoking, occupational exposure to cancer-causing agents (carcinogens) e.g. asbestos. 2. breast cancer: family history, high-fat diet/obesity, benign breast disease. 3. skin cancer: fair skin, prolonged exposure to the sun types of cancer therapy - ANSWER-surgery, radiation, chemotherapy Surgical Classifications - ANSWER-Localized, curative, pallative Side effects of surgery - ANSWER-appearance change, loss of body part or organ, loss of function, cancer cells escaping, depression, psychological changes Side effects of radiation therapy - ANSWER-Acute or long term site-specific changes, local skin changes and hair loss, altered taste sensations, fatigue, bone marrow suppression Side effects of chemotherapy - ANSWER--Hair loss -Dry mouth/mouth sores -Difficulty swallowing -N/V -Diarrhea *[GI tract replicate often] -Fatigue -Bleeding -Susceptibility to infection -Foggy brain aka "chemo brain" Oncological emergency - ANSWER-Sepsis, intravascular coagulation, SIADH, spinal cord compression, hypercalcemia, superior vena cava syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome Sepsis - ANSWER-Bone marrow supression, pathogen in vascular system. Can cause hypotension and LOC change. Might see fever intravascular coagulation - ANSWER-- blood clotting pathway turned on, - small clots produced, - capillaries become blocked and blood leaks into tissues - tissue death and/or organ failure SIADH - ANSWER-syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. hold onto fluid which cases diluted sodium and water retention spinal cord compression - ANSWER-tumor on spinal column Hypercalcemia - ANSWER-excessive calcium in the blood, usually a tumor in the parathyroid gland. Causes bone weakness, cog changes and possible coma Superior vena cava syndrome - ANSWER-Tumor can compress SVC and cause swelling of face, JVD, and visible chest veins tumor lyis syndrome - ANSWER-cytotoxic, 1 million metabolytes released, acidosis r/t cells bursting, usually after 1st round of chemo Hospice care - ANSWER-treatment of the terminally ill in their own homes, or in special hospital units or other facilities, with the goal of helping them to die comfortably, without pain