LVN A&P Exam # 1 Questions and Answers

chemical level, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, body as a whole/organism - Answer- level of organization disease - Answer- patho toward the head, upper, above - Answer- superior toward the feet, lower, below - Answer- inferior front, in front of (same as ventral in humans) - Answer- anterior back, in back of (same as dorsal in humans) - Answer- posterior toward the midline of a structure - Answer- medial away from the midline or toward the side of a structure - Answer- lateral away from or farthest from the trunk, or farthest away from a structure's point of origin - Answer- distal nearer the body's surface - Answer- superficial farther away from the body surface - Answer- deep organization - Answer- most important characteristic of a body structure atoms and molecules - Answer- chemical level the smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals - Answer- cells organizations of similar cells - Answer- tissues organizations of different kinds of tissues - Answer- organs organizations of many different kinds of organs - Answer- systems reference position in which the body stands erect with feet parallel, face and eyes forward, arms at the sides with palms turned forward; gives meaning to directional terms - Answer- anatomical position lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections - Answer- sagittal plane sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal left and right sections - Answer- midsagittal lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior sections - Answer- frontal (coronal) plane horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections - Answer- transverse plane dorsal & ventral - Answer- 2 main body cavities brain and spinal cord - Answer- dorsal cavity contains 2 cavities (thoracic & abdominopelvic) & diaphragm - Answer- ventral cavity contains mediastinum & pleural cavities - Answer- thoracic cavity midportion of thoracic cavity; contains heart and trachea - Answer- mediastinum right lung in right cavity, left lung in left cavity - Answer- pleural cavities stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and lowest part of intestine - Answer- organs in the abdominal cavity reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine - Answer- organs in the pelvic cavity decrease in size - Answer- atrophy relatively normal state of being - Answer- homeostasis head, neck, and torso or trunk - Answer- axial region upper and lower extremeties - Answer- appendicular region without - Answer- a nourishment, development - Answer- - trophy individuals; lifespan - Answer- body structure and function varies among ____ and also throughout an individual's _____ what the body primarily functions on; give and take until you get what you want; use to maintain/restore homeostasis - Answer- negative feedback a sensor, a control center, and an effector - Answer- feedback loops involve control center; brain of the cell - Answer- nucleus protons & neutrons - Answer- 2 things nucleus positive - Answer- protons are neutral - Answer- neutrons are negative - Answer- electrons are 8 - Answer- how many electrons can it hold gain stability - Answer- electrons share or gain to a pure substance; made up of only one kind of atom - Answer- elements a group of atoms bound together in a group - Answer- molecule substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom - Answer- compound oppositely charged ions attract each other because of electrical attraction - Answer- ionic bonds form when molecule that dissociates (breaks apart) in water to form individual ions; an ionic compound - Answer- electrolyte atoms share their outer energy to fill up and thus become stable; do not ordinarily easily dissociate in water - Answer- covalent bonds form when weak forces hold molecules in folded shapes or in groups; do not form new molecules - Answer- hydrogen bonds carbon-carbon covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds - Answer- what do organic molecules contain that inorganic molecules do not water - Answer- what is essential to life hold the body together - Answer- water's slightly glue-like nature helps solvent, forming aqueous solutions in the body - Answer- water is a chemical - Answer- water is involved in _____ reactions dehydration synthesis - Answer- chemical reaction in which water is removed from small molecules and then strung together to form a larger molecule hydrolysis - Answer- chemical reaction in which water is added to the subunits of a large molecule to break it apart into smaller molecules dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis - Answer- all major organic molecules are formed through _____ _____ and are broken apart by ______ energy transfers; as when energy is used to build ATP moelcules - Answer- chemical reaction always involve interact to form products; arrows separate the reactants from the products - Answer- chemical reaction show how reactants positive - Answer- protons dissociate - Answer- Water molecules _____ to form equal amount of H+ & OH- substance that shifts the H+/OH- balance in favor of H+; opposite of base - Answer- acid substance that shifts the H+/OH- balance against H+, also known as an alkaline; opposite of acid - Answer- base pH - Answer- mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration in an aqueous solution neutral - Answer- pH 7 is basic - Answer- pH values above 7 are acidic - Answer- pH values below 7 are neutralization - Answer- acids and bases mix to form salts buffers - Answer- chemical systems that absorb excess acids or bases and thus maintain a relatively stable pH carbohydrate - Answer- contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; made up of six-carbon subunits called monosaccharides or single sugars disaccharide - Answer- double sugar made up of two monosaccharide units polysaccharide - Answer- complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharide units glucose - Answer- primary energy source store energy for later use - Answer- function of carbohydrates sucrose, lactose - Answer- examples of disaccharides glycogen made up of many glucose units - Answer- example of polysaccharide store energy for later use - Answer- function of carbohydrates glucose - Answer- example of monosaccharide denoting a substance that produces something - Answer- gen Triglycerides - Answer- store energy for later use phospholipids - Answer- form membranes of cells muscle, health, and recovery - Answer- what do we need proteins for catabolism - Answer- breaks it down anabolism - Answer- builds it up collagen - Answer- tightens, pulls it together keratin - Answer- protects; doesn't let water in DNA - Answer- what in the nucleus produces a new person enzyme - Answer- ase enzymes - Answer- proteins - (catalysts) help chemical reactions occur sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate, and nitrogen base (adenine, thymine or uracil, guanine, cytosine) - Answer- nucleic acids are made up of what nucleotide units cytoplasm (only found in cells), organelles (specialized structures within cytoplasm), cell interior (surrounded by plasma membrane) - Answer- what do cells contain plasma membrane - Answer- forms outer boundary of cell; composed of thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids; embedded with proteins, selectively permeable cytoplasm - Answer- all cell substance from the nucleus to the plasma membrane ribosomes - Answer- made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA; may attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum or lie free in cytoplasm; manufacture enzymes and other proteins; often called "protein factories" mitochondria - Answer- composed of inner and out membranous sacs; involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration); often called power plants of the cell; each one contains one DNA molecule 46 - Answer- cell bodies have ___ chromosomes 23 - Answer- sex cells have ___ chromosomes interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase - Answer- order of phases interphase - Answer- not dividing (nothing) prophase - Answer- start pulling away from nucleus metaphase - Answer- align across center of cell anaphase - Answer- pulled apart telophase - Answer- complete epithelial tissue - Answer- tissue that covers the body and lines the body cavities; is classified by shape of cells false; distorted - Answer- psuedo two identical cells; growing tissues or replacing old damaged cells - Answer- result of cell division differentiation - Answer- process by which daughter cells can specialize and form different kinds of tissue simple squamous epithelium - Answer- single layer of scalelike cells adapted for transport (absorption) stratified squamous epithelium - Answer- several layers of closely packed cells specializing in protection simple columnar epithelium - Answer- tall, colon-like cells arranged in a single layer; contain mucus-producing goblet cells; specialized for absorption connective tissue - Answer- most abundant and widely distributed tissue in body; relatively few cells in intercellular matrix adipose (fat) tissue (connective) - Answer- lipid storage, metabolism regulation; brown fat produces heat reticular tissue (connective) - Answer- delicate net of collage fibers, as in bone marrow dense fibrous tissue (connective) - Answer- bundles of strong collagen fibers; ex: tendon bone tissue (connective) - Answer- matrix is calcified; functions as support and protection cartilage tissue (connective) - Answer- matrix is consistency of gristle-like gel; chondrocyte is cell type blood tissue (connective) - Answer- matrix is fluid; functions are transportation and protection