LVN Nutrition Exam 2023 Questions and Answers

Amino Acids - Answer- Building blocks for proteins Anabolism - Answer- When body builds more tissue Anorexia Nervosa - Answer- Self imposed starvation Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer- Energy required to maintain necessary body functions Body Mass Index - Answer- Number calculated based on height and weight Bulimia Nervosa - Answer- Binge eating followed by purging or other inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain Catabolism - Answer- Body breaking down more tissue Cholesterol - Answer- Lipid belonging to a class of chemical substances called sterols. Building blocks for cell membranes Dietary Fiber - Answer- Food that humans cannot digest, mostly plants and polysaccharides Dumping Sydrome - Answer- Can occur when stomach contents empty too quickly into the small intestine. Nausea, cramping, diarrhea, sweating, lightheadedness, and palpitations Enteral Nutrion - Answer- Nutrients administered through GI tract Essential Nutrients - Answer- Nutrients the body cannot make in amounts necessary for good health Glycogen - Answer- Also called animal starch, stored form of carbohydrates made from simple sugars, stored in liver Hydrogentation - Answer- Adding hydrogen to vegetable oil to make it more solid and stable to rancidity Kilocalorie(kcal) - Answer- Measurements of energy Lipids - Answer- Organic substances of a fatty nature that are insoluble in water Lipoproteins - Answer- Molecule made of lipids surrounded by proteins Medical Nutrition Therapy - Answer- Use of specific nutritional variations to build good health Nitrogen Balance - Answer- Amount of nitrogen taken in is equal to nitrogen being released in the urine Nutrient - Answer- Chemical compound found in food that is necessary for good health Nutrient-Dense Foods - Answer- Foods with high amounts of nutrients in relation to kcal Obesity - Answer- Excess adipose tissue or above what is considered healthy Parenteral Nutrition - Answer- Intravenous feedings Pernicious Anemia - Answer- Progressive macrocytic megaloblastic anemia Residue - Answer- Waste Satiety - Answer- Feeling fullness Therapeutic Diet - Answer- Diet used as a medical treatment Total Parenteral Nutrition - Answer- Administration of a hypertonic solution into the superior vena cave by way of a catheter threaded through either subclavian or internal jugular Tube Feeding - Answer- Administration of nutrition through liquefied foods or formula Vegan - Answer- Excludes all animal products What is nutrition? - Answer- The sum of all processes in taking in nutrients and using them to maintain body tissues and energy When was myplate developed? - Answer- In 2011 by the USDA What is myplate? - Answer- Round plate divided into 4 different colored sections to show what should be eaten What is a nutrient? - Answer- Chemical compound or element found in food that's necessary for good health Six Kinds of Essential Nutrients - Answer- Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water What are the three major functions of nutrients? - Answer- Providing energy, building and repairing tissues, and regulating body processes Which nutrients provide energy? - Answer- Hydrates, fats, and proteins Which nutrients don't provide energy? - Answer- Vitamins, minerals, and water How many kcals do carbs and proteins provide? - Answer- 4 per gram How many kcals do fats provide? - Answer- 9 per gram How many kcals do alcohol provide? - Answer- 7 per gram Calorie Distribution Diet - Answer- 45-65% from carbohydrates, 20-35% from fat, and 10-35% from protein What is needed for bone structure? - Answer- Calicium and phosphorus Where is fat? - Answer- Cell walls Where is iron? - Answer- Hemoglobin What is needed for fat to be used completely? - Answer- Carbohydrates What is needed to derive energy? - Answer- B Vitamins Two Important Facts about Regulating Body Processes - Answer- Individual nutrients have many functions in the body, no nutrient acts alone Carbohydrates - Answer- Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Main function is to provide energy. Simple or complex Simple Carbohydrates - Answer- Monosaccharides and disaccharides. Simple sugars. Require no digestion. Absorbed directly into the blood Disaccharide - Answer- Two sugars, reduced by hydrolysis into a monosaccharide prior to absorption, excess contributes to obesity, added sugar should be less than 8%, examples: table sugar and milk Complex Carbohydrates - Answer- Polysaccharides, three types: starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber Glycogen Defined - Answer- Animal starch stored form of carbohydrates, made from simple sugars mostly stored in liver and muscles Starch - Answer- Found in plant foods like legumes, grains, vegetables and some fruit. Breaks down slowly Dietary Fiber Defined - Answer- Foods that can't be broken down by humans, mostly plants made of long chains of glucose. Can lower cholesterol, blood glucose, and assist with weight loss. 21-38g Too Much Fiber - Answer- Causes bloating, gas, constipation. To alleviate, drink 8 glasses of water. Can also lead to interference with mineral absorption causing osteoporosis and anemia Fats - Answer- Organic and insoluble in water. Fat and Cholesterol. 9 kcal per gram. From food or adipose tissue. Provides satiety, adds flavor, provides body with essential fatty acids. Contains Vitamins A, D, E, K. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, fatty acid, and glycerol Saturated Fatty Acid - Answer- Filled with hydrogen. Animal origin, solid at room temperature. Strong chemical bonds. Increases blood cholesterol. Risk for: atherosclerosis, and heart disease. Should be less than 7% of daily calories Unsaturated Fatty Acid - Answer- Hydrogen randomly missing. mostly from plants. Liquid at room temperature. Lower LDL cholesterol Trans Fatty Acids - Answer- Completely hydrogenate. Synthetic form and natural. Increase blood cholesterol. Less than 1% of daily calories. Cholesterol Defined - Answer- Building block for cell membrane and hormones. Synthesized in liver. Found in animals. High in organ meats and egg yolk. No more than 300mg a day. How is fat digested? - Answer- Must be emulsified by the bile from the gallbladder. After absorption lipids are packaged into lipoproteins. What are the four lipoproteins? - Answer- Chlomicrons, HDL, LDL, VLDL What should cholesterol levels be? - Answer- Below 200mg Optimal LDL - Answer- Less than 100mg Near or Above Optimal LDL - Answer- 100-129mg Borderline High LDL - Answer- 130-159mg High LDL - Answer- 160-189mg Very High LDL - Answer- Over 190mg Desirable Total Cholesterol - Answer- Less than 200mg Borderline High Total Cholesterol - Answer- 200-239mg High Total Cholesterol - Answer- Over 240mg Low HDL - Answer- Less than 40mg for men, and 50mg women Protein - Answer- Building blocks for blood and bone, and the structural part of the cell. Essential for tissue growth, repair, and wound healing. Have hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. 10-35% of daily calories Albumin - Answer- Plasma protein attracting water and has the capacity to pull fluid from one body compartment to another Complete Proteins - Answer- Classified according to number and kind of amino acids contained. Has all 9 essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio body needs. Found in meat, poultry, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, and soy Incomplete Protein - Answer- Lack one or more essential amino acids. Plant origin: grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds When is a positive nitrogen balance seen? - Answer- Infancy, childhood, adolescence, and pregnancy Prolonged Negative Nitrogen Balance - Answer- Atrophy of muscles, hinder body Marasmus - Answer- Chronic protein deficiency impacting all ages. Wasting of body tissues. Leaves skin and bone appearance. Kwashiorkor - Answer- Severe protein restriction in presence of other calories. Often children in developing countries after breastfeeding has been weaned. Characteristics: edema in feet/legs, abdomen, and face due to hypoalbuminemia Vitamins - Answer- Essential for normal metabolism and growth/maintenance of the body. Can be destroyed by heat, light, and air. Fat soluble is absorbed by small intestine. Antioxidant Vitamins - Answer- E, C, As. Found to delay/prevent the destruction of cell membranes Vitamin C - Answer- Absorbic Acid. Contributes to healing wounds, burns, and fractures. Needed for adrenal function. 90mg for men, 70mg for women. Too Much Vitamin C - Answer- GI issues, tissue damage Too Little Vitamin C - Answer- Bleeding bones/joints, easy fractures, poor healing, anemia Where is Vitamin C found? - Answer- Citrus, green leafy, and yellow vegetables B Complex Vitamins - Answer- Essential to metabolism. Water soluble Niacin - Answer- Important to energy production. Involved in DNA repair. If there is tryptophan available, the body creates. 16mg for men, 14mg women. Obtained by: meat, poultry, fish, peanuts, enriched whole grains/cereals Folate - Answer- Necessary for DNA formation and proper cell division. Deficiency results in megaloblastic anemia. Pregnant women need 400mg to lower risk of neural defects. Found in spinach, lentils, and garbanzo beans. Vitamin B12 - Answer- AKA cyanocobalamin Essential to hemoglobin and myelin making. Requires intrinsic factor for absorption which is produced by the stomach. 2.4mg day. Found in lean meat, liver, sea food, eggs, and dairy Vitamin A - Answer- Two forms: retinol and carotene. Mostly consumed as beta carotene. Liver contains 90% stored. 700mg a day. Found in bright yellow and orange fruits, carrots, pumpkin, and dark green leafy vegetables. Important to eyesight, skin, and bones. Retinol - Answer- Type of Vitamin A. Complete state when eaten and can be used immediately by the body. Carotene - Answer- Type of Vitamin A. Needs to be converted to be used. Vitamin D - Answer- Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption which promotes bone and tooth health. Found in most fortified dairy, yeast, and fish liver oils. Synthesized with sun exposure. Under 70 should have 15mg, over 70 should have 20mg. Too Much Vitamin D - Answer- GI upset, muscles weak, extreme amounts cause calcium deposits in kidneys/lungs/brain Too Little Vitamin D - Answer- brittle bones Vitamin K - Answer- Important to blood clotting, 4/11 factors. Two kinds, green leafy and intestinal bacteria. Large fluctuations can alter effects of anticoagulant drugs. 120mcg men, 90mcg women Minerals - Answer- Inorganic single elements. Help regulate body functions without providing energy and are essential to good healthy. Major Minerals - Answer- Need 100mcg or more of. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and chloride Trace Minerals - Answer- Need less than 100mcg of. Iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, flouride, cromium, and molybdenum Calcium - Answer- Important to bones, teeth, blood clotting, nerve impulse, muscle action, and metabolic reactions. Necessary to osteoporosis prevention. Peak bone mass is between 19-30. Calcium Values - Answer- Older Kids and Adolescents: 1300mg Adults 50 and under: 1000mg 51 and over: 1200mg Osteoporosis: 1500mg Sodium - Answer- Functions as electrolyte. Excess causes hypertension and edema. Under 50 1500mg. 50-70: 1300mg. 70 and up: 1200mg. Maximum limit is 2300mg. Hyperkalemia - Answer- 5.0 mmol/L, results in renal/adrenal failure and cardiac arrest Hypokalemia - Answer- 3.5mmol/L, risk factors potassium wasting supplements, diuretics, and laxatives Potassium - Answer- Electrolyte. Important for nerve impulse, muscle contraction, acid balance, and turning glucose into glycogen. 4700mg Moderate deficiency increase blood pressure, risk of kidney stones, and bone loss. Found in fruits, vegetables, and milk Iron - Answer- Important to hemogloblin and myglobin. Deficiency leads to anemia which can cause issues with oxygen delivery resulting in fatigues, weakness, headaches, and pallor. Found in meat, poultry, fish, whole grains, and soy Iron Values - Answer- Adolescent Girls: 15mg Premenopausal Women: 18mg Pregnant: 27mg Everyone else: 8mg Chromium - Answer- Important to glucose metabolism and insulin regulation.Found in whole grains, cheese, liver, eggs, peas, apples, and nuts. 19-50: 25 mcg female, 35 male Water - Answer- 60% of adult weight, 80% of the infant weight. Provides form, structure, lubricates, and protects. 80% is received from drinking, 20% from food. Women should have 9 cups, while men should have 13. Calorie Requirements During Pregnancy - Answer- 1st trimester, 300. 2nd trimester, 340. 3rd trimester, 500. Pregnancy Weight Gain Levels - Answer- Average weight: 25-35 Underweight: 28-40 Overweight: 15-25 Prenatal Nicotine Risk - Answer- Should be avoided as it decreases blood flow to the fetus and can cause low birth weight, premature birth, cleft lip or palate. Prenatal Caffeine Risk - Answer- Excess causes delayed conception, increased risk of spontaneous abortion, and low birth weight. No more than 200mg. Prenatal Alcohol Risk - Answer- Increased risk for physical and mental deformities. If large amounts fetal alcohol syndrome may occur. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Answer- Physical deformities, learning disabilities, and behavioral issues Health Concerns of Adulthood - Answer- Heart disease, arthritis, osteoporosis, diabetes, and kidney disease Caffeine - Answer- CNS stimulate and diuretic. Causes nervousness, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, heart dysrhythmias, and palpitations. Impacts blood pressure, circulation, and gastric acid secretion. Obesity Defined - Answer- 35% adults, and 16% children. Increase the risk for hypertension, dylipidemia, osteoarthritis, gallbladder issues, cancers, sleep apnea, stroke, health conditions, and diabetes. BMI Measurement - Answer- Underweight - under 18.5 Normal Weight - 18.5 - 24.9 Overweight - 25-29.9 Obese - 30+ Extreme Obese - 40+ Fat Placement Risk - Answer- Upper body and abdominal fat increase risk for heart disease and diabetes Protein-Restricted Diet - Answer- Done if there are defects in metabolism or excretion. Renal Failure - Answer- Failure to excrete build up in blood leading to azotemia, modest used for dialysis. Use protein from eggs, meat, poultry, fish, and milk. Cirrhosis - Answer- Chronic degenerative disease of live with scar tissue build up, can increase ammonia levels in blood, lead to hepatic coma/brain damage/death. Protein should be at or above recommended, unless high ammonia. Sodium-Restricted Diets - Answer- Used for hypertension and heart failure. Limit to 1500 or 2400. May be used for water retention and edema. No added salt levels . Can be as low as 500. Congestive Heart Failure - Answer- Reduced sodium to alleviate pulmonary and peripheral edema and heart workload. Potassium Modified Diet - Answer- Increase can help blood pressure. In end stage renal and kidney disease, 2000mg. Fluid Modified Diet - Answer- Most adults need 2-3L. End stage renal failure 500-750ml. Fluid restrictions are common after heart failure, immediately after a myocardial infarction, hepatic coma or ascites. Increase intake for renal calculi and UTI. If burn victim, use IV fluids. Tube Feedings - Answer- Usually over 16-24 hour periods. Installments are done over 20-30 minutes. Bolus are given every 4-6 hours.