CLASS 11 HISTORY
CH -1 FROM THE BEGINNING OF TIME
NOTES
HUMAN – 56 lakh years ago such creatures appeared on the earth which we
can call humans. Modern humans 160,000 years ago.
TWO THEORIES OF THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN
MAN – Regional Continuity Model Theory: Humans originated in different
places in many regions.
Theory Of Substitution- Humans originated in Africa and spread from there to
different areas.
ARCHAEOLOGIST- It is the scientist who studies human history through
the study of excavated remains.
THE MAIN SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE
HISTORY OF PRIMITIVE MAN-
1. Fossils
2. Stone tools
3. There are paintings done by humans in caves.
GENUS- For this the word ‘Vansh’ is used in Hindi.
FOSSIL- ‘Fossil’ is used to refer to the remains or impressions of an old plant,
animal or human that have been transformed into a stone, often embedded in a rock
and then lying in that form for millions of years.
SPECIES- A collection of living entities that can be crossed to create fecund,
healthy offspring that are classified into smaller groups called species.
PRIMATES- Primates are a subset of mammals distinguished by a long
gestation period followed by birth, the existence of mammary glands, a range of
tooth types, and the ability to control body temperature.
AUSTRALOPITHECUS- A collection of hominin species that span the
time periods from 4.18 to about 2 million years ago. Australopiths were terrestrial
, bipedal apes–like animals with large chewing teeth with thick enamel caps, but
whose brains were slightly larger than great apes.
HOMONOIDS – A subgroup subgroup amongst primates emerged by
about 24 mya, called hominoids. This group included Apes who had smaller
brains.They had four legs but were unable to walk erect.
HOMINIDS - The evidence of the first hominids is found about 5.6 mya in
Africa. They had an upright posture and bipedal locomotion. Hominids belong to a
family known as Hominidae, which includes all forms of human beings.T hey are
further subdivided into branches known as Genus,
which Australopithecus and Homo are important. Each of these in turn includes
several species.
How was neanderthal man's skull discovered?
1. August 1856, workmen who were quarrying for limestone in the Neander Valley a
gorge near the German city of Dusseldorf, found a skull and some skeletal fragments.
2. These were handed over to Carl Fuhlrott, a local schoolmaster and natural historian.
Who realized that they did not belong to a modern human.
3. He then made a plaster cast of the skull and sent it to Herman Schaaffhausen, a
professor of anatomy at Bonn University. The following year they jointly published a
paper, claiming that this skull represented a form of human that was extinct.
4. At the time, scholars did not accept this view and instead declared that the skull
belonged to a person of more recent times. But later they accepted it and named it
as Neanderthal man.
THE STORY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
Phases of Evolution
1. Stage 1 – Early Societies
a) Ape
b) Australopithecus
c) Homo erectus (literally ‘upright man’)
CH -1 FROM THE BEGINNING OF TIME
NOTES
HUMAN – 56 lakh years ago such creatures appeared on the earth which we
can call humans. Modern humans 160,000 years ago.
TWO THEORIES OF THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN
MAN – Regional Continuity Model Theory: Humans originated in different
places in many regions.
Theory Of Substitution- Humans originated in Africa and spread from there to
different areas.
ARCHAEOLOGIST- It is the scientist who studies human history through
the study of excavated remains.
THE MAIN SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE
HISTORY OF PRIMITIVE MAN-
1. Fossils
2. Stone tools
3. There are paintings done by humans in caves.
GENUS- For this the word ‘Vansh’ is used in Hindi.
FOSSIL- ‘Fossil’ is used to refer to the remains or impressions of an old plant,
animal or human that have been transformed into a stone, often embedded in a rock
and then lying in that form for millions of years.
SPECIES- A collection of living entities that can be crossed to create fecund,
healthy offspring that are classified into smaller groups called species.
PRIMATES- Primates are a subset of mammals distinguished by a long
gestation period followed by birth, the existence of mammary glands, a range of
tooth types, and the ability to control body temperature.
AUSTRALOPITHECUS- A collection of hominin species that span the
time periods from 4.18 to about 2 million years ago. Australopiths were terrestrial
, bipedal apes–like animals with large chewing teeth with thick enamel caps, but
whose brains were slightly larger than great apes.
HOMONOIDS – A subgroup subgroup amongst primates emerged by
about 24 mya, called hominoids. This group included Apes who had smaller
brains.They had four legs but were unable to walk erect.
HOMINIDS - The evidence of the first hominids is found about 5.6 mya in
Africa. They had an upright posture and bipedal locomotion. Hominids belong to a
family known as Hominidae, which includes all forms of human beings.T hey are
further subdivided into branches known as Genus,
which Australopithecus and Homo are important. Each of these in turn includes
several species.
How was neanderthal man's skull discovered?
1. August 1856, workmen who were quarrying for limestone in the Neander Valley a
gorge near the German city of Dusseldorf, found a skull and some skeletal fragments.
2. These were handed over to Carl Fuhlrott, a local schoolmaster and natural historian.
Who realized that they did not belong to a modern human.
3. He then made a plaster cast of the skull and sent it to Herman Schaaffhausen, a
professor of anatomy at Bonn University. The following year they jointly published a
paper, claiming that this skull represented a form of human that was extinct.
4. At the time, scholars did not accept this view and instead declared that the skull
belonged to a person of more recent times. But later they accepted it and named it
as Neanderthal man.
THE STORY OF HUMAN EVOLUTION
Phases of Evolution
1. Stage 1 – Early Societies
a) Ape
b) Australopithecus
c) Homo erectus (literally ‘upright man’)
