Samenvatting Central Nervous
Systems Disorders
Verslaving, neuro-oncologie en stress
Biomedische Wetenschappen
2020-2021
Door Nicole (studente BMW)
,Inhoudsopgave
Klinische aspecten van verslaving ........................................................................................................... 4
Verslavende middelen ......................................................................................................................... 4
Negatieve factoren .......................................................................................................................... 5
Termen ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Geschiedenis ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Bio-psycho-sociale model ................................................................................................................ 6
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ........................................................... 7
Screening ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Epidemiologie ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Behandelingen ................................................................................................................................... 11
Detoxificatie .................................................................................................................................. 12
Terugvalpreventie ......................................................................................................................... 13
Neurobiologie van verslaving ................................................................................................................ 14
Primaire hersenregio’s die betrokken zijn bij verslavingen .............................................................. 15
Basale ganglia ................................................................................................................................ 15
Amygdala ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Prefrontale cortex ......................................................................................................................... 16
Verslavingscyclus ............................................................................................................................... 16
Binge/Intoxicatie fase .................................................................................................................... 17
Terugval/Negatief effect ............................................................................................................... 19
Preoccupatie/Anticipatie (verlangen) ........................................................................................... 19
Soorten middelen .............................................................................................................................. 20
Opioïden ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Alcohol ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Stimulerende middelen (stimulants) ............................................................................................. 21
Marihuana (cannabis).................................................................................................................... 21
Synthetische drugs ........................................................................................................................ 21
Van het lab naar de kliniek .................................................................................................................... 22
Synaptische communicatie................................................................................................................ 22
Spike timing-dependent plasticity ................................................................................................. 24
Postsynaptische modificatie .......................................................................................................... 28
Gecombineerde modificatie .......................................................................................................... 32
Verslavingen .................................................................................................................................. 33
Neuro-oncologie .................................................................................................................................... 44
Gliacellen ........................................................................................................................................... 44
1
, Hersentumoren ................................................................................................................................. 45
Hersentumoren bij kinderen ............................................................................................................. 46
Classificatie .................................................................................................................................... 47
Hersentumoren bij volwassen ........................................................................................................... 48
Classificatie .................................................................................................................................... 49
Diagnose ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Behandeling ................................................................................................................................... 50
Mutaties ........................................................................................................................................ 51
Pathways ....................................................................................................................................... 52
Hallmarks ........................................................................................................................................... 57
Niche/micro-omgeving .................................................................................................................. 58
Genetica en pathologie van glioom....................................................................................................... 59
Casus.................................................................................................................................................. 59
Neuro-oncologie ................................................................................................................................ 60
Klinisch beeld................................................................................................................................. 60
Diagnose ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Behandeling ................................................................................................................................... 61
Diffuus glioom ................................................................................................................................... 62
Laaggradige gliomen...................................................................................................................... 64
Hooggradige gliomen .................................................................................................................... 66
Moleculaire classificatie ................................................................................................................ 67
Precision medicine ........................................................................................................................ 69
Epilepsie......................................................................................................................................... 69
Casus.................................................................................................................................................. 70
Glioom: klinische zorg en patiënt casus ................................................................................................ 71
Casus 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 71
Casus 2 ............................................................................................................................................... 72
Casus 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 72
Casus 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 72
Translationeel onderzoek van gliomen ................................................................................................. 75
Translationeel onderzoek .................................................................................................................. 75
Cellijnen ......................................................................................................................................... 75
Glioom-invasie assays........................................................................................................................ 79
Intravital imaging........................................................................................................................... 80
Cerebrale organoïden........................................................................................................................ 81
Tumor-associated microglia (TAM) ............................................................................................... 83
2
, Transcriptomics ................................................................................................................................. 86
Single-cell RNA sequencing ........................................................................................................... 86
Diermodellen voor gliomen................................................................................................................... 90
Neurale stamcellen (NSCs) ................................................................................................................ 90
Neurogenese ................................................................................................................................. 91
Onderzoek ......................................................................................................................................... 92
Gliomen ............................................................................................................................................. 93
Diermodellen ................................................................................................................................. 98
Stress en PTSS...................................................................................................................................... 104
Sympathische zenuwstelsel ......................................................................................................... 104
Parasympathische zenuwstelsel...................................................................................................... 104
Neurobiologie .................................................................................................................................. 105
Hersenstam (locus coeruleus) ..................................................................................................... 105
Hypothalamus & hypofyse (HPA-as) ........................................................................................... 106
Amygdala & prefrontale cortex ................................................................................................... 107
Post-traumatische stress-stoornissen (PTSS) .................................................................................. 108
Neurobiologie .............................................................................................................................. 110
Structurele veranderingen .......................................................................................................... 114
Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie bij depressies .......................................................................... 115
Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie............................................................................................. 116
Neurobiologie van stress-geïnduceerde beloningen .......................................................................... 123
Stress in relatie tot eetgedrag ......................................................................................................... 123
Eetstoornissen ............................................................................................................................. 123
Stress ........................................................................................................................................... 124
Endogene systemen van stressbestendigheid .................................................................................... 134
Neuropeptide Y ............................................................................................................................... 135
Locus coeruleus ........................................................................................................................... 140
3
Systems Disorders
Verslaving, neuro-oncologie en stress
Biomedische Wetenschappen
2020-2021
Door Nicole (studente BMW)
,Inhoudsopgave
Klinische aspecten van verslaving ........................................................................................................... 4
Verslavende middelen ......................................................................................................................... 4
Negatieve factoren .......................................................................................................................... 5
Termen ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Geschiedenis ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Bio-psycho-sociale model ................................................................................................................ 6
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ........................................................... 7
Screening ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Epidemiologie ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Behandelingen ................................................................................................................................... 11
Detoxificatie .................................................................................................................................. 12
Terugvalpreventie ......................................................................................................................... 13
Neurobiologie van verslaving ................................................................................................................ 14
Primaire hersenregio’s die betrokken zijn bij verslavingen .............................................................. 15
Basale ganglia ................................................................................................................................ 15
Amygdala ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Prefrontale cortex ......................................................................................................................... 16
Verslavingscyclus ............................................................................................................................... 16
Binge/Intoxicatie fase .................................................................................................................... 17
Terugval/Negatief effect ............................................................................................................... 19
Preoccupatie/Anticipatie (verlangen) ........................................................................................... 19
Soorten middelen .............................................................................................................................. 20
Opioïden ........................................................................................................................................ 20
Alcohol ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Stimulerende middelen (stimulants) ............................................................................................. 21
Marihuana (cannabis).................................................................................................................... 21
Synthetische drugs ........................................................................................................................ 21
Van het lab naar de kliniek .................................................................................................................... 22
Synaptische communicatie................................................................................................................ 22
Spike timing-dependent plasticity ................................................................................................. 24
Postsynaptische modificatie .......................................................................................................... 28
Gecombineerde modificatie .......................................................................................................... 32
Verslavingen .................................................................................................................................. 33
Neuro-oncologie .................................................................................................................................... 44
Gliacellen ........................................................................................................................................... 44
1
, Hersentumoren ................................................................................................................................. 45
Hersentumoren bij kinderen ............................................................................................................. 46
Classificatie .................................................................................................................................... 47
Hersentumoren bij volwassen ........................................................................................................... 48
Classificatie .................................................................................................................................... 49
Diagnose ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Behandeling ................................................................................................................................... 50
Mutaties ........................................................................................................................................ 51
Pathways ....................................................................................................................................... 52
Hallmarks ........................................................................................................................................... 57
Niche/micro-omgeving .................................................................................................................. 58
Genetica en pathologie van glioom....................................................................................................... 59
Casus.................................................................................................................................................. 59
Neuro-oncologie ................................................................................................................................ 60
Klinisch beeld................................................................................................................................. 60
Diagnose ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Behandeling ................................................................................................................................... 61
Diffuus glioom ................................................................................................................................... 62
Laaggradige gliomen...................................................................................................................... 64
Hooggradige gliomen .................................................................................................................... 66
Moleculaire classificatie ................................................................................................................ 67
Precision medicine ........................................................................................................................ 69
Epilepsie......................................................................................................................................... 69
Casus.................................................................................................................................................. 70
Glioom: klinische zorg en patiënt casus ................................................................................................ 71
Casus 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 71
Casus 2 ............................................................................................................................................... 72
Casus 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 72
Casus 4 ............................................................................................................................................... 72
Translationeel onderzoek van gliomen ................................................................................................. 75
Translationeel onderzoek .................................................................................................................. 75
Cellijnen ......................................................................................................................................... 75
Glioom-invasie assays........................................................................................................................ 79
Intravital imaging........................................................................................................................... 80
Cerebrale organoïden........................................................................................................................ 81
Tumor-associated microglia (TAM) ............................................................................................... 83
2
, Transcriptomics ................................................................................................................................. 86
Single-cell RNA sequencing ........................................................................................................... 86
Diermodellen voor gliomen................................................................................................................... 90
Neurale stamcellen (NSCs) ................................................................................................................ 90
Neurogenese ................................................................................................................................. 91
Onderzoek ......................................................................................................................................... 92
Gliomen ............................................................................................................................................. 93
Diermodellen ................................................................................................................................. 98
Stress en PTSS...................................................................................................................................... 104
Sympathische zenuwstelsel ......................................................................................................... 104
Parasympathische zenuwstelsel...................................................................................................... 104
Neurobiologie .................................................................................................................................. 105
Hersenstam (locus coeruleus) ..................................................................................................... 105
Hypothalamus & hypofyse (HPA-as) ........................................................................................... 106
Amygdala & prefrontale cortex ................................................................................................... 107
Post-traumatische stress-stoornissen (PTSS) .................................................................................. 108
Neurobiologie .............................................................................................................................. 110
Structurele veranderingen .......................................................................................................... 114
Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie bij depressies .......................................................................... 115
Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie............................................................................................. 116
Neurobiologie van stress-geïnduceerde beloningen .......................................................................... 123
Stress in relatie tot eetgedrag ......................................................................................................... 123
Eetstoornissen ............................................................................................................................. 123
Stress ........................................................................................................................................... 124
Endogene systemen van stressbestendigheid .................................................................................... 134
Neuropeptide Y ............................................................................................................................... 135
Locus coeruleus ........................................................................................................................... 140
3
