2019-2020
Samenvatting weefsels
Epithelia, bindweefsel, basale immunologie & lymfoïde weefsels
Door Nicole (studente BMW)
,Inhoudsopgave
Epithelia ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Primaire weefseltypen ........................................................................................................................ 5
Herkomst epithelia .............................................................................................................................. 6
Functie epithelia .................................................................................................................................. 7
Classificatie epithelia ........................................................................................................................... 7
Intercellulaire junctions................................................................................................................... 9
Eénlagig epitheel ............................................................................................................................... 11
Plaveiselcellen ............................................................................................................................... 11
Cilindrische cellen .......................................................................................................................... 12
Meerlagig epitheel ............................................................................................................................ 14
Meerlagig verhoornde plaveiselcellen .......................................................................................... 14
Meerlagige (niet-verhoornde) plaveiselcellen .............................................................................. 15
Overgangsepitheel ............................................................................................................................ 16
Pseudomeerlagig trilhaar epitheel met bekercellen ......................................................................... 16
Klierweefsel ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Vernieuwing epithelia ....................................................................................................................... 20
Stamcellen ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Vernieuwing van het dunne darm epitheel................................................................................... 22
Niet-hernieuwbare weefsels ......................................................................................................... 24
Autoradiografie ............................................................................................................................. 24
Huid ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Epidermis ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Pathologie.............................................................................................................................................. 28
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 28
Maken van een coupe ................................................................................................................... 28
Microscopie ................................................................................................................................... 28
Doel van pathologie....................................................................................................................... 29
Adaptaties ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Adaptatiemechanismen ................................................................................................................ 30
Celschade........................................................................................................................................... 33
Reversibele celschade ................................................................................................................... 33
Irreversibele celschade .................................................................................................................. 33
Oorzaken van celschade ................................................................................................................ 35
Van adaptaties naar tumoren ....................................................................................................... 36
1
,Tumorpathologie ................................................................................................................................... 37
Terminologie ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Histologische kenmerken van tumoren (goedaardig vs. kwaadaardig) ............................................ 38
Histologische kenmerken onder de microscoop ........................................................................... 39
Nomenclatuur.................................................................................................................................... 43
Mesenchymale tumoren ............................................................................................................... 44
Epitheliale tumoren ....................................................................................................................... 44
Uitzonderingen .............................................................................................................................. 45
Overzicht verschillen tussen tumoren............................................................................................... 46
Benigne tumoren ........................................................................................................................... 46
Overzicht maligne tumoren........................................................................................................... 46
Ontwikkeling van een maligniteit ...................................................................................................... 46
Metastasering................................................................................................................................ 47
Bindweefsel ........................................................................................................................................... 48
Mesenchymale cellen ........................................................................................................................ 49
Fibroblasten ................................................................................................................................... 50
Opbouw van collageen .................................................................................................................. 51
Losmazig bindweefsel ....................................................................................................................... 54
Reticulair bindweefsel ....................................................................................................................... 54
Dicht gericht bindweefsel.................................................................................................................. 55
Elastische vezels ................................................................................................................................ 56
Extracellulaire matrix ........................................................................................................................ 57
Grondsubstantie (tussenstof) ........................................................................................................ 57
Proteoglycanen.............................................................................................................................. 57
Glycosaminoglycanen (GAG’s)....................................................................................................... 58
Multi-adhesieve glycoproteïnen ................................................................................................... 59
Integrines ....................................................................................................................................... 59
Basale lamina..................................................................................................................................... 61
Gastcellen in bindweefsel ..................................................................................................................... 63
Migratie ............................................................................................................................................. 63
Diapedese ...................................................................................................................................... 63
Soorten gastcellen ............................................................................................................................. 65
Functies cellen in bindweefsel ...................................................................................................... 66
Inleiding immunologie ........................................................................................................................... 74
Immuunsysteem ................................................................................................................................ 74
Immunologie ..................................................................................................................................... 75
2
, Classificatie microben.................................................................................................................... 75
Diversiteit ziekteverwekkers ......................................................................................................... 75
Afweersystemen ............................................................................................................................ 76
Hematopoëse ................................................................................................................................ 79
Humorale en cellulaire immuniteit ............................................................................................... 80
Aangeboren (innate) afweer ................................................................................................................. 81
Barrières ............................................................................................................................................ 81
Fagocyten ...................................................................................................................................... 81
Fagocytose en intracellulaire killing .................................................................................................. 82
Patroonherkenning........................................................................................................................ 82
Humorale deel aangeboren afweer .................................................................................................. 83
Complement systeem.................................................................................................................... 84
Weefselschade .................................................................................................................................. 86
Ontstekingsreactie......................................................................................................................... 86
Antigeenreceptoren .............................................................................................................................. 88
Adaptieve afweersysteem ................................................................................................................. 88
Receptoren .................................................................................................................................... 88
Klonale selectie.................................................................................................................................. 89
B-cellen .............................................................................................................................................. 90
Antilichamen ..................................................................................................................................... 90
Immunoglobuline klasse switch .................................................................................................... 92
T-cellen .............................................................................................................................................. 92
T-cel receptor ................................................................................................................................ 93
Interactie tussen aangeboren en adaptieve afweer ......................................................................... 95
Noodzaak van klonale selectie ...................................................................................................... 96
T-cellen en MHC tolerantie ................................................................................................................... 97
Ontwikkeling van B-cellen en T-cellen .............................................................................................. 97
Activatie van T-helper cellen ......................................................................................................... 97
Klasse I en klasse II MHC-moleculen ............................................................................................... 100
Peptidebindingsgroeve ................................................................................................................ 100
Humane MHC (HLA) .................................................................................................................... 101
Centrale tolerantie inductie ............................................................................................................ 102
Perifere tolerantie inductie ............................................................................................................. 103
Primair lymfoïde .................................................................................................................................. 104
Opbouw lymfoïde weefsels ............................................................................................................. 104
Oorsprong B-cellen ...................................................................................................................... 107
3
Samenvatting weefsels
Epithelia, bindweefsel, basale immunologie & lymfoïde weefsels
Door Nicole (studente BMW)
,Inhoudsopgave
Epithelia ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Primaire weefseltypen ........................................................................................................................ 5
Herkomst epithelia .............................................................................................................................. 6
Functie epithelia .................................................................................................................................. 7
Classificatie epithelia ........................................................................................................................... 7
Intercellulaire junctions................................................................................................................... 9
Eénlagig epitheel ............................................................................................................................... 11
Plaveiselcellen ............................................................................................................................... 11
Cilindrische cellen .......................................................................................................................... 12
Meerlagig epitheel ............................................................................................................................ 14
Meerlagig verhoornde plaveiselcellen .......................................................................................... 14
Meerlagige (niet-verhoornde) plaveiselcellen .............................................................................. 15
Overgangsepitheel ............................................................................................................................ 16
Pseudomeerlagig trilhaar epitheel met bekercellen ......................................................................... 16
Klierweefsel ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Vernieuwing epithelia ....................................................................................................................... 20
Stamcellen ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Vernieuwing van het dunne darm epitheel................................................................................... 22
Niet-hernieuwbare weefsels ......................................................................................................... 24
Autoradiografie ............................................................................................................................. 24
Huid ................................................................................................................................................... 26
Epidermis ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Pathologie.............................................................................................................................................. 28
Inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 28
Maken van een coupe ................................................................................................................... 28
Microscopie ................................................................................................................................... 28
Doel van pathologie....................................................................................................................... 29
Adaptaties ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Adaptatiemechanismen ................................................................................................................ 30
Celschade........................................................................................................................................... 33
Reversibele celschade ................................................................................................................... 33
Irreversibele celschade .................................................................................................................. 33
Oorzaken van celschade ................................................................................................................ 35
Van adaptaties naar tumoren ....................................................................................................... 36
1
,Tumorpathologie ................................................................................................................................... 37
Terminologie ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Histologische kenmerken van tumoren (goedaardig vs. kwaadaardig) ............................................ 38
Histologische kenmerken onder de microscoop ........................................................................... 39
Nomenclatuur.................................................................................................................................... 43
Mesenchymale tumoren ............................................................................................................... 44
Epitheliale tumoren ....................................................................................................................... 44
Uitzonderingen .............................................................................................................................. 45
Overzicht verschillen tussen tumoren............................................................................................... 46
Benigne tumoren ........................................................................................................................... 46
Overzicht maligne tumoren........................................................................................................... 46
Ontwikkeling van een maligniteit ...................................................................................................... 46
Metastasering................................................................................................................................ 47
Bindweefsel ........................................................................................................................................... 48
Mesenchymale cellen ........................................................................................................................ 49
Fibroblasten ................................................................................................................................... 50
Opbouw van collageen .................................................................................................................. 51
Losmazig bindweefsel ....................................................................................................................... 54
Reticulair bindweefsel ....................................................................................................................... 54
Dicht gericht bindweefsel.................................................................................................................. 55
Elastische vezels ................................................................................................................................ 56
Extracellulaire matrix ........................................................................................................................ 57
Grondsubstantie (tussenstof) ........................................................................................................ 57
Proteoglycanen.............................................................................................................................. 57
Glycosaminoglycanen (GAG’s)....................................................................................................... 58
Multi-adhesieve glycoproteïnen ................................................................................................... 59
Integrines ....................................................................................................................................... 59
Basale lamina..................................................................................................................................... 61
Gastcellen in bindweefsel ..................................................................................................................... 63
Migratie ............................................................................................................................................. 63
Diapedese ...................................................................................................................................... 63
Soorten gastcellen ............................................................................................................................. 65
Functies cellen in bindweefsel ...................................................................................................... 66
Inleiding immunologie ........................................................................................................................... 74
Immuunsysteem ................................................................................................................................ 74
Immunologie ..................................................................................................................................... 75
2
, Classificatie microben.................................................................................................................... 75
Diversiteit ziekteverwekkers ......................................................................................................... 75
Afweersystemen ............................................................................................................................ 76
Hematopoëse ................................................................................................................................ 79
Humorale en cellulaire immuniteit ............................................................................................... 80
Aangeboren (innate) afweer ................................................................................................................. 81
Barrières ............................................................................................................................................ 81
Fagocyten ...................................................................................................................................... 81
Fagocytose en intracellulaire killing .................................................................................................. 82
Patroonherkenning........................................................................................................................ 82
Humorale deel aangeboren afweer .................................................................................................. 83
Complement systeem.................................................................................................................... 84
Weefselschade .................................................................................................................................. 86
Ontstekingsreactie......................................................................................................................... 86
Antigeenreceptoren .............................................................................................................................. 88
Adaptieve afweersysteem ................................................................................................................. 88
Receptoren .................................................................................................................................... 88
Klonale selectie.................................................................................................................................. 89
B-cellen .............................................................................................................................................. 90
Antilichamen ..................................................................................................................................... 90
Immunoglobuline klasse switch .................................................................................................... 92
T-cellen .............................................................................................................................................. 92
T-cel receptor ................................................................................................................................ 93
Interactie tussen aangeboren en adaptieve afweer ......................................................................... 95
Noodzaak van klonale selectie ...................................................................................................... 96
T-cellen en MHC tolerantie ................................................................................................................... 97
Ontwikkeling van B-cellen en T-cellen .............................................................................................. 97
Activatie van T-helper cellen ......................................................................................................... 97
Klasse I en klasse II MHC-moleculen ............................................................................................... 100
Peptidebindingsgroeve ................................................................................................................ 100
Humane MHC (HLA) .................................................................................................................... 101
Centrale tolerantie inductie ............................................................................................................ 102
Perifere tolerantie inductie ............................................................................................................. 103
Primair lymfoïde .................................................................................................................................. 104
Opbouw lymfoïde weefsels ............................................................................................................. 104
Oorsprong B-cellen ...................................................................................................................... 107
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