KSU FNDH 400 Final Cumulative Exam, Complete Verified Solution

KSU FNDH 400 Final Cumulative Exam, Complete Verified Solution Carbohydrates are made of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Proteins are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids Lipids are made of Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Macronutrients definition Nutrients needed in large amounts Micronutrients definition Nutrients needed in smaller amounts but still important What are the macronutrients? Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Water What are the micronutrients? Vitamins and minerals What is a vitamin COMPOUNDS essential for normal physiological processes What is a mineral ELEMENTS essential for normal physiological processes in the body What is a calorie? Energy needed to raise 1 g of water 1 degree C How are kcals determined A food is put into a bomb calorimeter and the energy output is determined by the heat produced Kcal/g of the nutrients Carbs: 4 Proteins: 4 Lipids: 9 Vitamins, Minerals, Water: 0 Alcohol: 7 (but not a nutrient) Phytochemical definition Compounds found in plants that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the traditional nutrients Phytochemical found in tomatoes that is thought to decrease cancer risk (esp. prostate) Lycopene Diets rich in _____ and ___ have been shown with a decreased rate in chronic diseases. fruits and vegetables Zoochemicals Compounds found in animals that are believed to provide healthy benefits beyond the traditional nutrients Compounds that are both phyto and zoochemicals Lutein and Zeaxanthin - yellow carotenoids found in kale, spinach, and corn. or found in egg yolk Functional food defintion A food, or food ingredient, that may provide a health benefit beyond the traditional nutrients it contains Scientific method 3 types of studies Cross-sectional: Present Case-control: Past Prospective cohort: future Cross-sectional study Compare different populations at the same point in time Example of a cross-sectional study French paradox. Despite consuming same amount of cholesterol/saturated fat france had 5x lower death rate from coronary heart disease. Led to research into resveratol (red wine) Ecologic fallacy Believing that members of the group have characteristcs, which as individuals they do not Case control study Look at a group of cases vs controls Retrospective Often uses food frequency questionnaires Prospective Cohort study Initial information on a group collected (food frequency questionnaire) and then group is followed over time to quantify health outcomes of the individual Framingham Heart Study Started in 1948 Following residents to identify risk factors for heart disease Nurses Health Study Started in 1976 Every 4 years, 122k nurses are given food frequency questionnaires Health Professionals Follow up study Started in 1986 51K male health professionals Every 4 years, food frequency questionnaires From the Health Professionals Follow Up study, what was determined Tomato sauce, tomatoes, pizza, and strawberries had decreased incidence of prostate cancer What did the foods have in common from the Health Professionals Follow Up Study? Tomato -- Lycopene Strawberries -- Anthocyanins In vitro research Simplest form of nutrition research Means "within glass" Cell culture In vivo research Animal study often mice and Rats Pros/Cons of in vivo research Pros Can do tests that are considered unethical for humans Knows exactly what subject eats Expert reporting Cons Animal metabolism/physiology is different Clinical trial Scientifically controlled study using consenting people to find the safety and effectiveness of different items/regimens Gold standard A p-value of less than ___ is used to indicate statistical significance. Meaning that... .05 5% of the time the results are accidental or not true OR, RR, HR values and signficance 1 is lowered risk with exposure 1 is no effect 1 is increased risk with exposure Confidence interval Estimated range that the measure is calulated to include Often 95% Large VI = Less confidence in value Small CI = More confidence in value Must not overlap 1 for OR,RR, or HR to be considered significant American Society for Nutrition publishes which journals? Journal of Nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Academy of Nutrition and Dietics publishes which journals? Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Systematic literature review; considers which type of studies Finds conclusion based on evidence in multiple journal articles Only considers Epidemiological studies and Clinical Trials Epiemiolgical studies ____ show causalty Cannot. Instead just identifies relationships or associations What is the best form of primary research? Clinical trials/human studies Ranking of research types, from best to worse