EMT MEDICAL FISDAP STUDY Q&A 2023

Ateriovenus shunt - Correct answer-Artificial device allows an artery to flow to a vein without moving through capillaries. Complications of renal dialysis - Correct answer-Hypotension, muscle cramps, nausea and vomiting, hemorrhage from the access site, and infection at the access site. What does insulin do - Correct answer-When you eat, insulin is secreted from the pancreas. Insulin opens up the cell for sugar. Hypoglycemia - Correct answer-Lack of sugar in the blood. Can be deadly. Treatment for low blood sugar - Correct answer-Oral glucose. Hyperglycemia (Diabetes) - Correct answer-An excess amount of sugar in the blood. Too little insulin makes cells unable to absorb glucose. Cell switch from normal metabolism to abnormal metabolism. It begins to breakdown fat. It begins to create Ketone in the body. Ketone is very acidic. And patient will have a fruity smell to their breath. Treatment for Hyperglycemia - Correct answer-Rapidly transport to the hospital. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Pathophysiology - Correct answer-Causes Kussmaul Respirations (Rapid, Deep breaths) Increased blood sugar, fruity smelling breath. Acidosis - Correct answer-The accumulation of acids in the body High Blood Sugar long term effects - Correct answer-Blindness, Neuropathy(Nerve Damage), Necrosis(tissue death), Lose Limbs, Kidney Problems Commonly silent MIs Hypoglycemic Crisis Blood Sugar level - Correct answer-Blood sugar Below 40 Hypoglycemia blood sugar level - Correct answer-Blood sugar 40-80 Normal Blood Sugar - Correct answer-Blood sugar 80-120 Hyperglycemia blood sugar level - Correct answer-Blood sugar 120-400 Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNC) blood sugar level - Correct answer-Blood sugar 400-800 Hyperglycemic Crisis blood sugar level - Correct answer-Blood sugar 800-up Hyperglycemia Signs & Symptoms - Correct answer-Kussmaul respirations (rapid, deep respirations), Dehydration, as indications of dry warm skin "tenting". Sunken eyes. A sweet or fruity odor or the breath, caused by Ketones. A rapid, weak pulse (tready) A normal or slightly low blood pressure. Varying degrees of unresponsiveness. Weakness, nausea, and vomiting. Polyuria (excessive urination), Polydipsia (excessive thirst), Polyphagia (excessive eating) Restlessness, possibly progressing to coma; abnormally slurred speech; unsteady gait(movement). Hyperglycemia Caused by - Correct answer-Patient is not under medical treatment Takes an insufficient amount of insulin, Excessive eating Undergoing stress that may cause infection, illness, overexertion, fatigue, or drinking alcohol. #1 cause of diabetic death in pediatrics - Correct answer-Cerebral edema caused by hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Signs and symptoms - Correct answer-Pale, moist skin (Clammy Diaphoresis sweating), Dizziness, headache, Rapid pulse, Normal to low blood pressure, altered metal status, (Acting drunk mean, aggressive, confused, lethargic, or unusual behavior.) Anxious or combative behavior, Hunger, Seizure, fainting, or coma, weakness on one side of the body (may mimic stroke) Rapid changes in mental status. Hypoglycemic Crisis caused by - Correct answer-Taken too much insulin, Taken a regular dose of insulin but has not eaten enough food, Had an unusual amount of activity or vigorous exercise and used up all available glucose Diabetes patients Commonly - Correct answer-Do not take their insulin when they get sick and go in to hyperglycemic crisis. What is required to give oral glucose. - Correct answer-Patient can hold a glass of water and sip it. Make sure the tube of glucose is intact and has not expired. Aplastic crisis - Correct answer-A condition in which the body stops producing red blood cells; typically caused by infection. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Correct answer-A form of hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available. Endocrine Glands - Correct answer-Glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body. Endocrine System - Correct answer-Regulates metabolism and maintains homeostasis Glucose - Correct answer-One of the basic Sugars; it is the primary fuel, in conjunction with oxygen, for cellular metabolism. Hematology - Correct answer-The Study and prevention of blood-related disorders Hemolytic crisis - Correct answer-A rapid destruction of red blood cells that occurs faster than the body's ability to create new cells. Hemophilia - Correct answer-A congenital abnormality. Body is unable to produce clots, which results in uncontrollable bleeding Hormone - Correct answer-A chemical substance produced by a gland that regulates the activity of organs and tissues. Hyperglycemia - Correct answer-An abnormally high glucose level in the blood Hyperglycemic Crisis - Correct answer-A state of unconsciousness resulting from several problems, including ketoacidosis, dehydration because of excessive urination, and hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia - Correct answer-An abnormally low glucose level in the blood Hypoglycemic Crisis - Correct answer-Sever lack of sugar in blood resulting in changes in mental status. Insulin - Correct answer-A hormone produced by the islets of langerhans (endocrine gland in pancreas) That enables glucose in the blood to enter cells; used in synthetic form to treat diabetes mellitus. Kussmaul Respirations - Correct answer-Deep Rapid Breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body. Hyperglycemia Polydipsia - Correct answer-Excessive eating. Polyphagia - Correct answer-Excessive thirst. Can be caused by result excessive urination. Polyuria - Correct answer-Excessive urination Sickle cell disease - Correct answer-A hereditary disease that cases normal, round red blood cells to become oblong, or sickle shaped. Splenic sequestration crisis - Correct answer-Painful enlargement of the Spleen, hard bloated abdomen. Caused by sickle cell disease where sickle cells get stuck get stuck inside and leading out of the spleen. Thrombophilia - Correct answer-A tendency to develop blood clots. Caused by abnormal system of coagulation. Thrombosis - Correct answer-A blood clot Type 1 Diabetes - Correct answer-The type of diabetic disease that typically develops in childhood and requires synthetic insulin for proper treatment and control. Do not produce insulin Type II Diabetes - Correct answer-The type of diabetic disease develops in adulthood and may be controlled by diet and oral medications. Produce some Insulin. Medications: Insulin or other Diabetes Meds. Insulin resistance Vaso-Occlusive Crisis - Correct answer-Ischemia and pain caused by sickle shaped cells that obstruct blood flow to a portion of the body. Egress - Correct answer-Way to exit Evaluation for causes of an altered mental status with an unknown origin. - Correct answer-AEIOUTIPS AEIOUTIPS Ð Alcohol, Epilepsy, Infection, Over Dose (OD), Uremia Kidney Failure, Trauma, Insulin/Blood sugar, Psych, Stroke, Seizure and Syncope Indications to check a blood glucose level - Correct answer-Altered mental status, If they are diabetic. Pathophysiology of anaphylaxis - Correct answer-An extreme, life threatening systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure. Envenomation - Correct answer-The act of injecting venom Epinephrine - Correct answer-A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases the pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction. Histamine - Correct answer-Substances released by the immune system in allergic reactions that are responsible for many of the symptoms of anaphylaxis, such as vasodilation. Immune Response - Correct answer-The body's response to a substance perceived by the body as foreign, Immune system - Correct answer-the body system that includes all the structures and processes designed to mount a defense against foreign substances and diseasecausing agents. Leukotriene's - Correct answer-Chemical substances that contribute to anaphylaxis; released by the immune system in allergic reactions. Differentiate between anaphylaxis and allergic reaction - Correct answer-If patient is going into shock or any involvement of the airway they have anaphylaxis. Allergen - Correct answer-Substances that cause an allergic reaction Allergic reaction - Correct answer-The body's exaggerated immune response to an internal or surface agent Toxin - Correct answer-A poison or harmful substance Urticaria - Correct answer-Small spots of generalized itching and/or burning that appears as multiple raised areas on the skin; hives. Causes of anaphylaxis - Correct answer-Foods(peanuts, shellfish, berries), Insects(bees, Wasps)/ creatures, Medications(Penicillin/Antibiotics), Plants (Burning poison oak). Wheal - Correct answer-A raised, swollen, well defined area on the skin resulting from an insect bite or allergic reaction Anaphylaxis Signs and symptoms - Correct answer-Increased pulse, Increased respiratory rate(Wheezes and stridor), blood pressures decreased (blood vessels dilate and leak). Hives(Urticaria), Skin pale, Altered mental status, Low blood pressure. Treat anaphylaxis - Correct answer-Epinephrine. Assist with EPI Adult .3mg Peds .15mg (give one does and revaluate.) last about 20-30 min Mechanism of action of epinephrine - Correct answer-Alpha 1 (Vasoconstriction), Beta 1 increases force and frequency of contractions, Beta 2 Dilates bronchioles. Pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia - Correct answer-A hereditary disease that causes normal rounded blood cells to become oblong, or sickle shaped. Sickle cells are poor oxygen carriers Sickle cell anemia Causes - Correct answer-Hypoxia, Blood cells to lodge in spleen or blood vessels Causing organs to swell and rupture Sickle Predominately affects - Correct answer-African Americans