Public Health Epidemiology Final Exam| 124 questions| with complete solutions

Epidemiology correct answer: Cornerstone of public health Focuses on the distribution and causes of disease (in time and place) in human populations and on developing and testing ways to prevent and control disease Tries to determine cause and effect If we understand a disease/what causes it/risk factors, then we should be able to figure out how to prevent it Population science To implement prevention, we must understand causation Epidemiologic Transition correct answer: The transition from acute infectious, parasitic, and nutritional deficiency diseases to noninfectious chronic diseases that are now the main causes of morbidity worldwide Many nations are experiencing marked increases in longevity and decreases in fertility Four chronic disease groups account for 60% of all deaths: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes On a global basis, it is therefore necessary to raise the priority accorded to chronic diseases and develop and implement effective disease prevention and health promotion strategies and policies for the population at risk Declining birth and death rates: more opportunities for women, birth control, and better medications and healthcare Global Pandemic of Chronic Diseases correct answer: 2012 world population: 7.5 billion people 60 million deaths per year 38 million deaths (63%): chronic disease 22 millions deaths (37%): acute disease Ebola correct answer: Hemorrhagic fever 2014 epidemic: impacted the ivory coast of Africa High case mortality: 50-100% Kills by destroying/disabling immune cells, destroying liver cells, damaging blood vessels, and damaging gastrointestinal lining, coagulation defects/hemorrhaging (people essentially bleed out), and inflaming the liver No cure Highly communicable Came from a subhuman species and entered the human population: fruit bats (contaminated bush meet) Spreads through human-to-human transmission Infection results from direct contact with blood, secretions, organs, and other bodily fluids of infected people: through broken skin or mucous membranes (infection can also result from indirect contact with environments contaminated with such fluids) Hangs around for awhile No herd immunity because nobody is immune Dr. Jenner correct answer: 1796 Injected a little boy with cowpox Found the basis of the immune response to smallpox (noticed that the milkmaids never got smallpox) Cowpox close enough to smallpox that it caused an immune response Louis Pasteur correct answer: France, 1860 Germ Theory of Disease "The world is my laboratory" Discovered we live in a sea of microbes Developed a rabies vaccination from the spinal cords of rabbits with rabies: vaccinated Joseph Meister and saved his life Kaposi's Sarcoma correct answer: Rare cancer, but very common in people with HIV/AIDS Smallpox Eradication correct answer: 500 million deaths in the 20th century Used herd immunity and ring vaccination Knew where the virus was because of the characteristic rash Used a killed vaccine Ring Vaccination correct answer: Quarantine cases