NUR 2474 Pharm Final 3 Questions And Answers All Solved 2022/2023 Exam (elaborations)

NUR 2474 Pharm Final 3 Questions And Answers All Solved 2022/2023 Exam (elaborations) What to monitor in patients on insulin therapy, NPO status and insulin therapy hypoglycemia, If swallowing reflex or gag reflex is suppressed: Nothing should be given by mouth 2. Signs of hypoglycemia: tachycardia, palpitations, sweating, and nervousness. CNS symptoms include headache, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue. If hypoglycemia is severe, convulsions, coma, and death 3. Memorize insulin names by categories (rapid, short, intermediate, long-acting, and mixed) long-acting = U-100 insulin glargine and insulin detemir short-duration insulins (rapid acting)=insulin lispro, insulin aspart, insulin glulisine, and inhaled human insulin. SHORT DURATION ( SLOWER ACTING)= Regular insulin Humulin R, Novolin R ULTRA-LONG DURATION Insulin glargine (U-300) Toujeo 360 Nonea 24 Insulin degludec Tresiba INTERMEDIATE DURATION NPH insulin Humulin N, Novolin N 4. How and when to administer different types of insulin (rapid- and short-acting before meals, intermediate twice a day, long-acting at night) a. Humalog (lispro), NovoLog (aspart), Apidra (glulisine) Rapid-acting ( Short action)insulin- is taken just before or after meals, 15 minutes, peaks between 30 and 90 minutes, and lasts 3 to 5 hours b. Humulin R, Novolin R Short-acting insulin covers your insulin needs during meals. It is taken about 30 minutes to an hour before a meal to help control blood sugar levels. Takes effect in about 30 minutes to 1 hour, and peaks after 2 to 4 hours c. Intermediate-acting insulin Humulin N (NPH), Novolin N (NPH) Intermediate-acting insulin can control blood sugar levels for about 12 hours or longer, so it can be used overnight. Works within 1 to 4 hours, and peaks between 4 and 12 hours. d. Lantus (glargine), Levemir (detemir) Long-acting insulin has an onset of one hour, and lasts for 20 to 26 hours with no peak. Covers your insulin needs for a full day. It is often taken at bedtime. “These long-acting insulin provide 24-hour coverage, and have been helpful at achieving good blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes with just one shot e. Humulin 70/30, Novolin 70/30, NovoLog 70/30, Humulin 50/50, Humalog mix 75/25, Humalog mix 50/50 This type of insulin combines intermediate- and short-acting insulin. It is often taken twice a day before meals. It should be taken 10 minutes to 30 minutes before eating. Pre-mixed insulin takes effect in 5 to 60 minutes, and its peak times vary. Its effects last from 10 to 16 hours. 5. Know beta-blockers. Beta-blockers and hypoglycemia Beta blockers suppress glycogenolysis and mask early signs of hypoglycemia. Symptoms include tremor and palpitations. Hunger, tremor, irritability, and confusion may be concealed as well. 6. Review glipizide administration, side-effects, alcohol consumption Glipizide administration oral TAB should be given with breakfast or meals. Glucotrol XL 5mg with breaksfast, Glucotrol Maintain exercise and caloric restriction. Side-effect: palpitations, tachycardia, sweating, fatigue, excessive hunger