DPR2601 ANSWERS FOR SUPP EXAM FEB 28 2023

Question 4 There are four main types of Quantitative research: Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental Research. attempts to establish cause- effect relationships among the variables. These types of design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences. Descriptive research is used to understand a phenomenon, a situation, or a population. Unlike experimental research, descriptive research does not involve the manipulation of certain variables. Rather, it seeks only to observe and measure the variables to investigate them. Among the types of quantitative research, this design is used when trying to identify characteristics, categories, and trends. The most common methods of collecting descriptive research are case studies, observations, and surveys. Survey Research Surveys are the most popular and common method to gather data. You can ask multiple questions to a wide population. Moreover, you can conduct surveys using online survey tools. Correlational research is a non-experimental research method used to identify a relationship between two variables with no influence from any extraneous variable. Among the types of quantitative research, this design can help you recognize patterns and trends in the feedback you gather. For example, an ice cream brand can use this methodology to identify the relationship between weather (temperature) and ice cream sales. Quasi-Experimental Research Design Like the experimental research design, quasi-experimental research also aims to identify a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables; independent and dependent variables. However, quasi-experiment involves subjects being assigned to groups based on non-random criteria. Question 5 The four sources of new knowledge include intuition (beliefs), authority (the influence of someone with more experience), rational induction (relating to previous knowledge or tying two ideas together to create a new one), and scientific empiricism (programmatic research). Intuition-knowledge based on feelings, beliefs, or "gut instinct "Authority-knowledge based on a "credible" sourceational-Inductive Argument-knowledge based on past research as well as combining that knowledge with new knowledge to comply with our current problem. Empiricism-knowledge based on library research, forming a hypothesis, setting up an experiment to test the hypothesis, collecting data, and then analyzing that data to statistically make a conclusion on the research hypothesis. The only accepted source of knowledge in modern scientific psychological research is empiricism. The sources of new knowledge are authority, intuition, scientific empiricism, and an educated guess. Authority, intuition, and an educated guess are all sources of hypotheses, but scientific empiricism is the only source of new knowledge. Different sources of knowledge are things like what you feel is right (I think that toads give you warts), what someone you think is right says is right (mom said that toads will give you warts), things you've seen (my brother was playing with a toad and then he got a wart), things you've tested (I had my brother play with the toad and my neighbor played with a lizard, and only my brother got warts). All of these are sources of hypotheses, a way to come up with ideas to test, but only the empirical research, testing, is an acceptable scientific source of knowledge. There are generally four sources of knowledge; intuition, authority, rational induction, and empiricism. Intuition is knowledge that is gained through a feeling or thought that might turn out to be true. Authority is a source of knowledge that you gain from your parents, or a book that tells you that this is the way things are and that's that. Rational induction is a source of knowledge by reasoning and proofs. This type of knowledge comes about by supposing one thing and then giving proof of it, or any other way you want to do proof. Empiricism is knowledge gained through careful observation, manipulation of variables though the scientific method, repeating research designs, and taking in data to interpret. Empiricism is the accepted role of knowledge in psychological research because psychologists use statistics and believe in probabilistic conclusion. People behave generally in one way in most situations and use statistics to decide if two variables are related. The others are not accepted sources of psychology. Authority and intuition are not accepted sources of knowledge for psychological research because they are not grounded in any source of statistics or observable facts. Rational induction is not an accepted source of knowledge because it involves proof and certainty, which psychologists do not go for. Descriptive knowledge is useful in discriminating, measuring or defining different behaviors or characteristics. Predictive knowledge is useful in determining a statistical relationship between two behaviors or characteristics and whether they are related. Understanding is useful in determining whether changes in one behavior or characteristic influences changes in another behavior or characteristic. Descriptive knowledge is used in attributive hypotheses and is accepted as sources of knowledge in defining behavior or characteristics. Predictive knowledge is used in attributive hypotheses and is useful in determining if there is a relationship between two behaviors or characteristics. Understanding is used in causal hypotheses and is useful in determining if there is probabilistic evidence that one behavior or characteristic influences another behavior or characteristic. Empirical Research is a scientifically conducted study that yields results which are causally interpretable. While rational induction is more logical thinking based on observation. Observation is the process of objectively viewing a situation and making inferences based on therein. Empirical Research is the only way to attain fact in modern scientific psychological research. However, rational induction, observation and research are all valid ways to obtain a hypothesis. The sources of new knowledge are rational induction, scientific empiricism, intuition and authority. The only acceptable source of knowledge is scientific empiricism. Scientific empiricism requires a research hypothesis be formed and tested, that the study is published in an article to be scrutinized by other scientists. It also requires that the experiment is replicated exactly as it was the first time to ensure the applicability of the findings to that set of variables and subjects. Moreover, Scientific empiricism dictates that similar studies with slight variations on the first study be performed to confirm the generalizability of the results to similar situations. All other sources of knowledge are acceptable for research hypotheses but are questionable because they have not withstood the rigors of Scientific Empiricism. The four sources of new knowledge include intuition (beliefs), authority (the influence of someone with more experience), rational induction (relating to previous knowledge or tying two ideas together to create a new one), and scientific empiricism (programmatic research). Scientific empiricism is the only accepted source of new knowledge whereas intuition, authority, and rational induction are ac