BIOD 171 Final Exam quiz

BIOD 171 Final Exam quiz BIOD 171 Final Exam Quiz 1. True/False. A virus is considered a microorganism.: False (Viruses are not living and as such are not considered microorganisms. Viruses can, however, be classified as microbes, a more general term that includes mi- croorganisms and viruses.) 2. What is the smallest biological unit of life?: A cell 3. What are the four main types of macromolecules found in cells?: Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates 4. How many different types of amino acids are available from which to make proteins?: 20 5. Define an essential amino acid.: An essential amino acid cannot be produced by the human body and as such must be take in from the environment through alternative sources (i.e) food. 6. What are the two major types of nucleic acids and their roles?: There are two major types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucle- ic acid). Nucleic acids are chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell. DNA contains a vast amount of hereditary information and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms. RNA is responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins. 7. Complete the following DNA strand, and indicate how many bonds are formed for each complementary pair: 3' GGTCATCG 5' 5' CC AGC 3': 3' GGTCATCG 5' 5' CCAGTAGC 3' There are 2 bonds formed between A and T, and 3 bonds between G and C. 8. The plasma membrane (select all that are true): A. Only restricts movement of materials into the cell B. Is often a bilayer comprised of lipids C. Cannot prevent essential nutrients from escaping D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing inward: B. Is often a bilayer comprised of lipids D. Contains hydrophobic tails pointing inward 9. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms come together to form what primary macromolecule? Give an example.: Carbohydrates. Any sugar is acceptable: Glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose, etc. Also options: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, or chitin 10. True or False: Eukaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.: False (Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus (prokaryotic cells do not)). 11. True or False: Prokaryotic cells can be subdivided into Bacteria and Archaea.: True 12. True or False: Archaea, a eukaryotic class of microorganisms, is capable of surviving harsh environments.: False (Archaea are prokaryotic bacteria capable of surviving harsh environments). 13. Which of the following microorganisms are considered to be Eukarya? Select all that apply. A. Animalia B. Plantae C. Fungi D. Protista: All of the above (Animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista) 14. Microorganisms classified as obtain most of their energy by converting light energy into chemical energy.: Plantae 15. A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of chitin in the cell walls. Which of following also contain chitin? Select all that apply. A. Mushrooms B. Bacteria C. Yeast D. Molds: Mushrooms, yeast, and molds 16. True or False: A defining characteristic of Protista is the inability of colonies to form tissue layers.: True 17. The function of the lysosome is (select all that apply): A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein modification and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes: Waste disposal via hydrolytic en- zymes (Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed organelles capable of degrading unwanted cellular debris). 18. Identify the following cellular components by matching the number with the description.: 1. Nucleus 2. Lysosome 3. Plasma membrane 4. Golgi apparatus 5. Rough Endoplasmic reticulum 19. The combination of the cell membrane and the outer membrane is re- ferred to as the (select all that apply): A. Cell wall B. Capsid C. Cell envelope D. Outer leaflet: Cell envelope The cell wall is also know as the 'outer membrane' and does not apply. A capsid is relative to a virus. The outer leaflet is only a partial description of the cell membrane. 20. The function of the Golgi is (select all that apply): A. Lipid synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. To produce energy (ATP) D. Protein modification and distribution E. Waste disposal via hydrolytic enzymes: Protein modification and distribution (Within the Golgi complex, proteins are modified and then distributed throughout the cell). 21. True of False. All multicellular microorganisms classified as Animalia are heterotrophic.: True 22. True or False: As movement requires energy, metabolism can be defined as a controlled set of biochemical reactions that occur in only motile organ- isms in order to maintain life.: False (Metabolism occurs in all living organisms, not just those that move). 23. True or False: Enzymes slow down chemical reactions to conserve ener- gy.: False (Enzymes catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions). 24. What is the term for metal ions that assist enzymes during the catalysis reaction?: Cofactors are usually metal ions and assist enzymes during the catal- ysis reactions. 25. Define anabolism.: Anabolism is the process of building up or biosynthesis of macromolecules from small molecular units into much larger complexes. 26. In order to convert proteins into amino acids which metabolic process would be active?: Catabolism would be active as proteins are made up of amino acids. Therefore the process described (proteins into amino acids) is the break- down, or catabolism of protein. 27. Describe the energy transfer process relative to both ATP and ADP.: ATP has the energy (phosphate group) to donate while ADP can accept energy in the form of a phosphate group. Thus, ATP can be dephosphorylated (ATP ö ADP + Pi), while ADP can be phosphorylated into ATP (ADP + Pi ö ATP). 28. From what source do chemotrophs acquire energy?: Chemotrophs acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment. 29. An organism that derives its energy by removing electrons from elemen- tal sulfur would be classified as a ?: Lithotroph 30. This phosphorylation process occurs in the mitochondria of chemotropic eukaryotes. A. Substrate-level phosphorylation B. Photophosphorylation C. Oxidative phosphorylation: Oxidative phosphorylation 31. The catabolism of a single molecule of glucose goes through what 3 distinct transitions?: The breakdown of glucose goes through (1) Glycolysis then (2) Fermentation or Respiration and finally through (3) the electron transport chain (ETC). 32. What is the most energetic transition in the catabolism of glucose?: The electron transport chain yields 34 ATP while both glycolysis and fermentation (or respiration) each yield only 2 ATP. 33. Identify the reactants of the following chemical equation: Glucose + 2NAD+ ’ 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP: The reactants are to the left of the arrow: Glucose and 2NAD+ 34. What are the main two roles of glucose-6-phosphate in the cell?: Glu- cose-6-phosphate, also known as G6P (1) prevents glucose from diffusing out of the cell as well as (2) serves as the signal molecule to the cell that glycolysis is about to begin 35. True or False: In the absence of oxygen fermentation produces 2 ATP.: - False (Fermentation only reduces NADH back to NAD+.) 36. What is the primary byproduct of the TCA cycle? Select all that apply. A. NAD+ B. NADH C. FADH2 D. FAD: NADH and FADH2 (The TCA cycle produces an abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2.)) 37. True or False. The products of the TCA cycle enter and fuel the electron transport system.: True (The high volume production of reduced electron carriers from the TCA cycle is used by the ETC to drive ATP production.) 38. In the absence of glucose, which of the following cannot be used as alternative energy sources? Select all that apply. A. Lactose B. Nucleic acids C. Carbohydrates D. Fatty acid chains: Nucleic acids 39. For the catabolism of proteins and lipids, which of the following enzymes are used? Select all that apply. A. Lipases B. Transferases C. Ligases D. Proteases: Lipases and proteases (Proteases breakdown proteins while lipases breakdown lipids.) 40. True or False. The ²-oxidation pathway catabolizes the fatty acid chains of lipids.: True 41. Describe the relationship between chloroplasts and chlorophyll.: Both chloroplasts and chlorophyll are associated with photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are the double membrane- enclosed organelles that contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. 42. True or False: Chloroplasts are specific to algae and plants.: True 43. The process of carbon fixation begins with which of the following reac- tants? Select all that apply. A. CO2 B. H2O C. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate D. ATP E. NADPH: CO2, H2O, ATP, NADPH (Carbon fixation uses the ATP/NADPH produced during light reactions to convert CO2 and H2O into useful sources of energy (carbohydrates.)) 44. What is true pertaining to the light reactions of photosynthesis? Select all that apply.