Midterm WCU Patho 370 Question and answer 2023

Midterm WCU Patho 370 Question and answer 2023Tertiary Prevention Examples Counseling on medication; rehabilitation; supportive care; reducing disability Latent Period time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and first appearance of signs and/or symptoms Endemic Native to local region Subclinical Disease no noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection) Etiology cause of disease Idiopathic unknown cause latrogenic Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment Primary prevention altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible persons ex: vaccinations Allostasis process by which the body achieves stability through homeostatis Selye's 3 Phases of Stress Alarm reaction; resistance; exhaustian sympathetic nervous system: Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction & increases BP; Reduces gastric secretions; increases night and far vision sympathetic nervous system: epinephrine enhances myocardial contractility; increases HR & CO; causes bronchiodilation; increases glucose release from liver Hormones released during the stress response Cortisol Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Norepinephrine Epinephrine Endorphines Oxytocin RAA pathway (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) Types of intracellular accumulation -Excessive amounts of normal intracellular substance -Abnormal substances from faulty matabolism synthesis -particles that the cell is unable to degrade Cellular adaptation types -Atrophy: Decrease cell size -Hypertrophy: increase cell size -Hyperplasia: increase cell number -Metaplasia: conversion of one cell type to another -Dysplasia: disorderly growth Coagulative necrosis this process begins with ischemia, ends with degradation of plasma membrane (heart) Liquefactive necrosis liquification of lysosomal enzymes, formation of abscess or cyst from dissolved dead tissue (brain) Fat necrosis death of adipose tissue, appears as chalk white area ,usually due to trauma or pancreatitis (pancreas) Caseous Necrosis characteristic of lung damage secondary to tuberculosis (bacterial infection; resembles clumpy cheese (lung) Apoptosis programmed cell death Side effects of chemotherapy anemia nausea bleeding infections -oma tumor carcinoma cancerous tumor (begins in kin or tissue that lines or covers body organs) sarcoma malignant tumor (begins in bone or in soft tissue of the body) staging the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patient's prognosis (stage 0 to 4) grading a way to classify cancer cells & is done by a pathologist Degree of malignancy & differentiation Low Grade (Grade I, II) High Grade (Grade III, IV) Deficits in immune system function in cancer chemotherapy cancer cells cancer metastasis to bone marrow malnutrition tumor marker functions help determine cancer origin help identify progression of cancer Hypersensitivity Type I strong genetic or herediatry linkage regarding IgE responses (allergens) immediate hypersensitivity release of histamine Hypersensitivity Type II tissue specific, cytotoxic, or cytolytic hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies attack antigens on surface of specific cells or tissues; causing lysis Ex: Transfusion reaction; hemolytic disease of newborn Hypersensitivity III immune complex reaction immune & phagocytic systems fail to effectively remove antigen-antibody immune complexes Ex: immune complex glomerulonephritis; systemic lupus erythematosus myeloma Malignant disorder of mature antibody-secreting B lymphocytes called plasma cells; tumor of the bone marrow acute lymphoid leukemia immature lymphocytes predominate; malignant disorder of lymphoid cells. Transformation of B lymphocytes w/remaining T lymphocytes Transfusion reactions involve RCB destruction caused by recipient antibodies Red Blood Cells have no cytoplasmic organelles iron deficiency has low MCHC MCH MCV Carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as bicarbonate ion bilirubin can detect excessive RBC lysis Erythropoietin produced by the kidneys Aplastic anemia leads to pancytopenia pernicious anemia is due to lack of intrinsic factor Glucos-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency anemia occurs when exposed to certain drugs Functions of the circulatory system transport, protection, regulation carries oxygen, nutrients, & hormones to cells and removes waste products like carbon dioxide.