NUR2063 Essentials of pathophysiology – Exam 2 Review Sheet 2022 update Rasmussen College, Florida

lOMoARcPSD| NUR2063 Essentials of pathophysiology – Exam 2 Review Sheet 2022 update Rasmussen College, Florida Covers Modules 4, 5, and 6 – Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10 1. What is gastritis? What are causes? a. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining. b. Causes: Alcohol, aspirin, and bacteria. 2. Review the etiology and clinical manifestations of GERD. What are complications of GERD if left untreated? a. Gerd (Gastroesophageal reflux disease): Backflow of gastric contents into esophagus through lower esophageal sphincter. b. Complications: Inflammation – irritation and swelling – narrowing of the esophagus 3. Review the etiology and clinical manifestations of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). a. PUD (Peptic Ulcer Disease): Painful sores or ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach. b. Clinical manifestations: vomiting, faintness, weight loss, blood in stool. 4. Review the etiology and clinical manifestations for pseudomembranous colitis? a. PUD (Pseudomembranous colitis): Acute inflammation and necrosis (Death of cells) of the large intestine. Caused by clostridium difficile (Exposure to antibiotics). b. Clinical manifestations: bloody diarrhea – abdominal pain – fever – leukocytosis 5. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition? a. Signs: Right lower quadrant pain Inflammation of the vermiform appendix b. Symptoms: McBurney’s point (Right side of abdomen) – Nausea – vomiting – fever – diarrhea – inflammation. 6. Review causes of bowel obstructions. Know the difference between functional bowel obstructions versus mechanical obstructions. Know examples of each type a. Causes of bowel obstruction: Hernias, colon cancer, certain medications, inflamed intestine EX: Crohn’s disease. b. Functional bowel obstructions: there is no physical blockage, however, the bowels are not moving food through the digestive tract c. Mechanical obstructions: Adhesions (Scar like tissue) – Hernia (Fatty tissue squeezing through muscle) – Tumors – impacted feces. 7. Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. What is another term for end-stage liver disease? a. Signs: i. Hepatocellular failure (Decreased clotting factors) ii. Portal hypertension (Increase in pressure within the portal vein EX: GI congestion carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver) iii. Jaundice (yellowing of skin and breakdown of red blood cells) iv. Ascites: Pathologic accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity 1. Diagnosis: Fluid examination from abdominal paracentesis