BIOS 255 A and P III Final Exam Study Guide
1. With regards to Alveoli / Gas Exchange/ Surface Tension/
Everything (More at the bottom) – add more
In the lungs surface tension forces the alveoli to assume the smallest
diameter possible
Surfactant lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
Surface tension must be overcome for lungs to expand for inhalation
Surface tension accounts for two-thirds of lung elastic recoil, which
decreases size of alveoli during exhalation
2. Clinical Situation / anaerobic bacteria / reduction of O2/
Oxygenation
Anaerobic bacteria
Causes tetanus and gangrene
Cannot live in the presence of free O2
Can also cause bone infections
Hyperbaric oxygenation is used to treat anaerobic
Use of pressure to cause more O2 to dissolve in the blood
3. Cytokines / chemokine some will cause vasodilate, constrict /
some will cause increased permeability / know which does what /
what happens at infection site? Who does what at an infection
site
Two immediate changes occur in blood vessel in region of tissue injury
permits in defensive proteins to enter injured area
Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Substances that contribute
Histamine – from mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages stimulate
release, causes vasodilation and increased permeability
Kinins – induce vasodilation and increased permeability, they are
also chemotactic agents for phagocytosis
Prostaglandins (PGs) – “E” series; released by damaged cells;
intensify histamine and kinin effect, stimulate emigration of
phagocytes through capillary walls
Leukotrienes – produced by basophils and mast cells, increase
permeability; functions to: adhere phagocytes to pathogens,
chemotactic agent that attracts phagocytes
Complement – different components stimulate histamine release,
attract neutrophils by chemotaxis, promotes phagocytosis; can also
destroy bacteria
, Dilation of arterioles and increased permeability of capillaries produce
three of the signs and symptoms of inflammation: heat, redness
(erythema), and swelling (edema)
Cytokines – interleukin 1, promotes fever? Search cytokines
4. Structure of lungs / lungs themselves / direct question about
structure
5. Gas Exchange /
Beginning of review
6. Complement System – Often missed 22:30 lecture
1. Inactive C3 splits into activated C3a and C3b
2. C3b binds to the surface of a microbe and receptors on
phagocytosis attach to C3b. Thus C3b enhances phagocytosis
by opsonization – attaches to microbe, then phagocytes attach
to C3b
3. Cytolysis. C3b splits C5. C5b binds to C6 and C7. C6 and C7
attach to plasma membrane of invader microbe. Then C8 and
C9 join other complement proteins and form cylindrical shaped
MAC (membrane attack complex), which inserts into plasma
membrane
, 4. MAC creates channels in plasma membrane resulting in
cytolysis (bursting) – Lets extracellular fluid into microbe
causing swelling then burst
5. C3a and C5a bind to mast cells releasing histamine increasing
blood vessel permeability during inflammation. C5a attracts
phagocytes to site of inflammation (chemotaxis)
Add activation pathways**
Acts in a cascade
Activation by three different pathways (All activating C3)
C3 brings about phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
A group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma
membranes makes up the complement system. When activated, these
proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune reactions. The
complement system causes cytolysis (bursting) of microbes, promotes
phagocytosis, and contributes to inflammation.
Apart of innate immunity, Second line of defense antimicrobial
substance
7. Breathing – identical to quiz
During inhalation the alveolar pressure becomes greater than the
atmospheric pressures. False Inhale – decrease Exhale – Increase
Movement of air between atmosphere and alveoli is… Ventilation
8. Which of the following… immune system organs / lymphatic
organs
9. O2 dissociation – Curve graph slides
10. Antibody Titers – on a slide titer vs response, immune system,
with infection Igg table
Naturally active
All the B and T cells
Naturally passive
IgG and IgA mother to baby placenta and fluids (breast milk)
Artificially active
Memory cells from vaccines
Artificially passive
Immunoglobular (antibodies) injection
11. Which of the following… innate vs adaptive immunity
12. In which… parts of the immune system slide / chemical,
mechanical
13. Gas Law / Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law – The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely
proportional to the volume of the container
If the sizw of the container is decreased, then the pressure inside
increases
1 L Volume = 1 atm Pressure ½ L Volume = 2 atm Pressure
1. With regards to Alveoli / Gas Exchange/ Surface Tension/
Everything (More at the bottom) – add more
In the lungs surface tension forces the alveoli to assume the smallest
diameter possible
Surfactant lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid
Surface tension must be overcome for lungs to expand for inhalation
Surface tension accounts for two-thirds of lung elastic recoil, which
decreases size of alveoli during exhalation
2. Clinical Situation / anaerobic bacteria / reduction of O2/
Oxygenation
Anaerobic bacteria
Causes tetanus and gangrene
Cannot live in the presence of free O2
Can also cause bone infections
Hyperbaric oxygenation is used to treat anaerobic
Use of pressure to cause more O2 to dissolve in the blood
3. Cytokines / chemokine some will cause vasodilate, constrict /
some will cause increased permeability / know which does what /
what happens at infection site? Who does what at an infection
site
Two immediate changes occur in blood vessel in region of tissue injury
permits in defensive proteins to enter injured area
Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Substances that contribute
Histamine – from mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages stimulate
release, causes vasodilation and increased permeability
Kinins – induce vasodilation and increased permeability, they are
also chemotactic agents for phagocytosis
Prostaglandins (PGs) – “E” series; released by damaged cells;
intensify histamine and kinin effect, stimulate emigration of
phagocytes through capillary walls
Leukotrienes – produced by basophils and mast cells, increase
permeability; functions to: adhere phagocytes to pathogens,
chemotactic agent that attracts phagocytes
Complement – different components stimulate histamine release,
attract neutrophils by chemotaxis, promotes phagocytosis; can also
destroy bacteria
, Dilation of arterioles and increased permeability of capillaries produce
three of the signs and symptoms of inflammation: heat, redness
(erythema), and swelling (edema)
Cytokines – interleukin 1, promotes fever? Search cytokines
4. Structure of lungs / lungs themselves / direct question about
structure
5. Gas Exchange /
Beginning of review
6. Complement System – Often missed 22:30 lecture
1. Inactive C3 splits into activated C3a and C3b
2. C3b binds to the surface of a microbe and receptors on
phagocytosis attach to C3b. Thus C3b enhances phagocytosis
by opsonization – attaches to microbe, then phagocytes attach
to C3b
3. Cytolysis. C3b splits C5. C5b binds to C6 and C7. C6 and C7
attach to plasma membrane of invader microbe. Then C8 and
C9 join other complement proteins and form cylindrical shaped
MAC (membrane attack complex), which inserts into plasma
membrane
, 4. MAC creates channels in plasma membrane resulting in
cytolysis (bursting) – Lets extracellular fluid into microbe
causing swelling then burst
5. C3a and C5a bind to mast cells releasing histamine increasing
blood vessel permeability during inflammation. C5a attracts
phagocytes to site of inflammation (chemotaxis)
Add activation pathways**
Acts in a cascade
Activation by three different pathways (All activating C3)
C3 brings about phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation
A group of normally inactive proteins in blood plasma and on plasma
membranes makes up the complement system. When activated, these
proteins “complement” or enhance certain immune reactions. The
complement system causes cytolysis (bursting) of microbes, promotes
phagocytosis, and contributes to inflammation.
Apart of innate immunity, Second line of defense antimicrobial
substance
7. Breathing – identical to quiz
During inhalation the alveolar pressure becomes greater than the
atmospheric pressures. False Inhale – decrease Exhale – Increase
Movement of air between atmosphere and alveoli is… Ventilation
8. Which of the following… immune system organs / lymphatic
organs
9. O2 dissociation – Curve graph slides
10. Antibody Titers – on a slide titer vs response, immune system,
with infection Igg table
Naturally active
All the B and T cells
Naturally passive
IgG and IgA mother to baby placenta and fluids (breast milk)
Artificially active
Memory cells from vaccines
Artificially passive
Immunoglobular (antibodies) injection
11. Which of the following… innate vs adaptive immunity
12. In which… parts of the immune system slide / chemical,
mechanical
13. Gas Law / Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law – The pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely
proportional to the volume of the container
If the sizw of the container is decreased, then the pressure inside
increases
1 L Volume = 1 atm Pressure ½ L Volume = 2 atm Pressure
