Exam 2

QUE ST ION 1 Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that the components of emotion allow adaptive responses to threats to survival? the physiological approach the evolutionary approach the universality approach the cultural approach 2 points QUE ST ION 2 Research shows that cultures vary in the extent to which they hypercognize a particular emotion. number of words they use to represent a particular emotion. types of states they represent with emotion terms. All of the above are correct. 2 points QUE ST ION 3 Ekman and colleagues’ research on the universality of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. frustration, aggression, disgust, happiness, and joy. anger, fear, sadness, love, and joy. disgust, fear, happiness, frustration, sadness, and love. 2 points QUE ST ION 4 Jan has just met her new roommate and wants to be sure to become good friends with her. According to research on emotional mimicry, how should Jan respond to her roommate? Jan should mimic the facial expressions and laugh of her roommate, because mimicry promotes closeness and friendship. Jan should not mimic the facial expressions and laugh of her contact: roommate, because her roommate may find it annoying. Jan should act the opposite of her roommate, so as to seem interesting. Jan should mimic her roommate only if her roommate has a higher status than Jan. 2 points QUE ST ION 5 Bill thinks that if he could find a wonderful wife, his entire life would be ideal. He thinks of all the great times he will have but never considers the difficulties that are bound to arise. Thus, Bill is engaging in projection. affective anticipation. focalism. immune neglect. 2 points QUE ST ION 6 Research on affective forecasting suggests that people tend to overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events. underestimate the emotional impact of emotional events. be accurate at predicting the emotional impact of emotional events. be overly optimistic about their ability to cope with negative life events. 2 points QUE ST ION 7 Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that emotions are strongly influenced by values, roles, institutions, and socialization practices? the physiological approach the evolutionary approach the universality approach the cultural approach 2 points QUE ST ION 8 Which of the following examples provides the best evidence for the broaden-and-build hypothesis of how positive emotions influence cognition? People who watch an amusing film clip rate themselves as more similar to outgroup members. People who are in a good mood are more creative when working on complicated tasks. People who are given a bag of candy rate their life satisfaction as higher. People who unexpectedly find a dollar on the floor are in a better mood. 2 points QUE ST ION 9 Darwin’s principle of serviceable habits suggests that facial expressions arose randomly as a result of genetic mutations. God had given humans specific facial expressions to express uniquely human experiences. facial expressions of emotion derived from behaviors that proved useful and adaptive to our ancestors. facial expressions of emotion are present only in humans because only humans experience emotions. 2 points QUE ST ION 10 The concept of immune neglect suggests that we ____________ our capacity to be resilient in responding to negative life events, and therefore ____________ the extent to which a negative event will reduce our well-being. overestimate; underestimate underestimate; overestimate do not know; underestimate underestimate; underestimate 2 points QUE ST ION 11 Emotions such as sympathy, concern, or compassion are called ______________ and motivate prosocial behavior toward people who are vulnerable. self-critical emotions harm-related emotions other-condemning emotions positive moods 2 points QUE ST ION 12 Which hormone does the textbook identify as promoting closeness and trust? estrogen oxytocin testoster one serotonin 2 points QUE ST ION 13 The concept of duration neglect refers to which of the following phenomena? Immediate reports of pleasure are unrelated to overall reports of pleasure. The beginning of an event exerts a stronger impact on overall reports of pleasure. The length of a pleasurable experience is unrelated to overall reports of pleasure. The number of peak moments during an event has no effect on overall reports of pleasure. 2 points QUE ST ION 14 Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s) on emotions? the evolutionary approach, but not the cultural approach the cultural approach, but not the evolutionary approach neither the cultural nor the evolutionary approach both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches 2 points QUE ST ION 15 Which of the following is a major assumption of the feelings-asinformation perspective? Many judgments are too complex for us to review all the relevant evidence thoroughly. Emotions disrupt our ability to process information from the environment. Emotions are most likely to alter judgment when people accurately attribute them to environmental events. Judgments lead to emotions that inform subsequent decisions. 2 points QUE ST ION 16 Recall that Isen studied how emotions might influence cognitive processes. She found that negative emotions led participants to use stereotypes when forming judgments. positive emotions led participants to categorize objects in more inclusive ways. negative emotions led participants to produce more unique responses to a word association task. positive emotions led participants to behave more selfishly. 2 points QUE ST ION 17 Steve is undergoing a medical procedure that only takes 20 minutes but will be very painful at the end. Deborah is undergoing a medical procedure that takes over 2 hours and will be very painful at the beginning, but the pain tapers off over the rest of the time. Afterward, which one will remember experiencing more pain? Deborah will remember more pain, because her procedure lasted longer. Steve will remember more pain, because his procedure was more painful at the end. Steve and Deborah will remember equal amounts of pain. Pain is such an individual, relative experience that it is impossible to predict who will remember more. 2 points QUE ST ION 18 Recall that when anti-Asian sentiments were common in the early 1930s, Richard LaPiere spent two years touring the Unites States with a young Chinese couple. Together, they visited numerous hotels, auto camps, restaurants, and cafes. LaPiere compared the attitudes of people who managed these various establishments with how well (or poorly) these people actually treated the Chinese couple. The text used this study to introduce an important point, namely, that the effect of attitudes on behavior is weaker than many people think. the effect of norms on attitudes is stronger than many people think. the effect of attitudes on behavior is stronger than many people think. the effect of norms on attitudes is weaker than many people think. 2 points QUE ST ION 19 Department store managers strongly disapprove of shoplifters for many obvious reasons. However, some stores allow shoplifters to leave with merchandise! This is because many stores do not want to create a scene that will disturb good patrons. This scenario illustrates the social psychological argument that attitudes are determined by reasoned action. behaviors are not determined solely by attitudes. prevailing norms of appropriate behavior are irrational. attitudes prompt attitude-consistent behaviors. 2 points QUE ST ION 20 According to Wilson, why should introspection decrease the correlation between attitudes and behaviors? Introspection decreases perceptions of control and attention to social norms. Introspection decreases the salience of the “real” reasons for our attitudes. Introspection generates emotions that weaken one’s attitudes. Introspection increases ambivalence and uncertainty over our beliefs. 2 points QUE ST ION 21 According to Daryl Bem, self-perception theory is most appropriately applied to situations in which prior attitudes are weak. prior attitudes are about extremely important matters. prior attitudes are unambiguous. Both a and c are correct. 2 points QUE ST ION 22 Cacioppo and colleagues have examined how arm movements can influence attitudes by asking participants to view Chinese characters while either extending an arm away or flexing an arm toward themselves. Which of the following BEST sums up the results of this research? The arm movements did not affect participants’ attitudes toward the different Chinese characters. The participants had more favorable attitudes toward the characters they viewed while extending an arm away, compared with while flexing an arm. The participants had more favorable attitudes toward the characters they viewed while flexing an arm, compared with while extending their arm. Participants who nodded their heads showed the most positive attitudes toward the characters. 2 points QUE ST ION 23 The ____________ component of an attitude consists of the emotional reactions a person has to the attitude object. cognitiv e affective behavior al knowled ge 2 points QUE ST ION 24 Studies have shown that attitudes about participating in psychological research predict actual participation much more strongly among people who have previously taken part in research than among people who have not. Which of the following conclusions follows directly from these findings? Firsthand experience with an attitude object or event strengthens the link between attitude and behavior. There is a general mismatch between attitudes and behaviors. Attitude-behavior consistency is higher when these factors are measured at the same level of specificity. Consciously accessible attitudes predict behavior, whereas subconscious attitudes do not. 2 points QUE ST ION 25 Carol is a student from China and is good friends with Tanja, a student from Germany. According to research on cognitive dissonance, when is Carol more likely to experience dissonance, compared with Tanja? Carol and Tanja will respond similarly across conditions. when choosing between two necklaces for herself when choosing between two pairs of shoes as a gift for her mother if she listens to loud music while shopping 2 points QUE ST ION 26 George believes that child safety is important, yet often forgets to use a car seat when taking his toddler to day care. What does this illustrate about the relationship between attitudes and behavior? Attitudes are often poor predictors of behavior. Attitudes and behavior are sometimes unbalanced. Behavior can be automatic, thereby bypassing conscious thought altogether. Attitudes often prime behavior. 2 points QUE ST ION 27 According to the textbook, why is it a good idea for incumbent politicians to campaign for maintaining the safety and security of their countries? because it allows people to maintain balance because people are motivated to maintain the status quo, particularly when their own mortality is made salient because it helps people justify their effort because it facilitates self-perception processes 2 points QUE ST ION 28 Recall that in one study, the experimenter showed children a set of five toys and asked them how much they liked each one. Then, the experimenter told each child that he or she was free to play with any of the toys except for the child’s second favorite toy. In the “mild threat” condition of the experiment, children were told that the experimenter would be “annoyed” if they played with the forbidden toy. In the “severe threat” condition, children were told that the experimenter would be “very angry” if they played with the forbidden toy, and that the child would never see any of the toys ever again. The experimenter then left the room, and each child was covertly observed. Later on, the experimenters asked each child to reevaluate the toys. Consistent with cognitive dissonance theory, results showed that children in the “mild threat” condition tended to view the toy less favorably than children in the “severe threat” condition. children in the “severe threat” condition tended to view the toy less favorably than children in the “mild threat” condition. children in the “mild threat” condition were less likely to play with the toy while the experimenter was away from the room. children in the “severe threat” condition were less likely to play with the toy while the experimenter was away from the room. 2 points QUE ST ION 29 Cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory differ in that selfperception theory emphasizes that aversive physiological arousal influences our attitudes. internal conflict influences our attitudes. experiences with other people influence our attitudes. inference processes about our behaviors influence our attitudes. 2 points QUE ST ION 30 Michelle has just watched a film that showed several high-speed chases on city streets. On her way home from the theater, she drives much faster than normal. This example illustrates the power of ____________ as a determinant of behavior. selfaffirmation dissonance attitude change priming 2 points QUE ST ION 31 Mark has a strong preference for Honda over all other car brands. When it came time to buy a new car, Mark finds that Nissan has released a new car that is more desirable to him, so he buys the Nissan. According to the research described in the textbook, why would this scenario increase dissonance in the wake of Mark’s attitude-inconsistent behavior? The behavior was based on introspection. The behavior is irrational. The behavior has long-term consequences that are unpredictable. The behavior is freely chosen. 2 points QUE ST ION 32 Claude Steele’s research on self-affirmation suggests that people who are ____________ to self-affirm are generally ____________ than people who are ____________ to self-affirm. more likely; less troubled; less able less likely; less troubled; more able more likely; more ethical; less able less likely; more ethical; more able 2 points QUE ST ION 33 When researchers use a Likert scale to assess individuals’ attitudes, they ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extent to which they agree with a particular statement. record participants’ response latency to a question about their attitude. code the content of participants’ spontaneous speech. obtain participants’ descriptions of how they would behave in a particular situation. 2 points QUE ST ION 34 Let’s say a company that makes a consumer product such as laundry detergent asks customers to write a testimonial about the product in exchange for a small chance of winning a prize. What does cognitive dissonance theory predict will happen to consumers who participate and write the testimonial? They will feel positive emotions. They will value social norms over personal norms. They will alter their attitudes. They will engage in uncooperative behavior. 2 points QUE ST ION 35 Recall that Dan Gilbert studied why people tend to attribute others’ behaviors to dispositional factors. According to his theoretical framework, this pattern of attribution occurs because people tend to consider a person’s behavior and his or her situation simultaneously. be emotionally invested in explaining others’ behaviors in terms of stable personal characteristics. make initial dispositional inferences without later adjusting them on the basis of situational information. have difficulty identifying what other people’s behaviors signify. 2 points QUE ST ION 36 According to the textbook, an experimental paradigm that reliably demonstrates the self-serving attributional bias involves having all participants succeed at a single task and then measuring their attributions. fail at a single task and then measuring their attributions. fail at a task, manipulating whether they succeed or fail when given another opportunity to perform the task, and then measuring their attributions. succeed at a first task, fail when given another opportunity to perform the task, and then measuring their attributions. 2 points QUE ST ION 37 The view that personality is malleable and that abilities can be changed by environmental factors is most characteristic of people who live in the United States. all people, regardless of culture. people from interdependent cultures. people from independent cultures. 2 points QUE ST ION 38 Michelle notices her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy. Because he rarely eats candy of any kind, Michelle concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate. In this instance, Michelle is relying on ____________ information to explain her brother’s behavior. distinctiven ess consistenc y consensus individuatin g 2 points QUE ST ION 39 Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy’s quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when____________. consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low. consensus and consistency are high, but distinctiveness is low. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all low. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all high. 2 points QUE ST ION 40 Hector plays golf every Saturday. His wife Alicia notices that after a winning round, Hector tends to play with the kids. After a losing round, he tends to watch television by himself. According to ____________, over time, Alicia is likely to conclude that Hector’s golf games can exert a causal effect on his behavior at home. emotional amplification theory the covariation principle the augmentation principle fundamental attribution theory 2 points QUE ST ION 41 According to Dan Gilbert and his research on the attributional process, the first stage entails making ____________ that are ____________. The adjustment stage entails making ____________ that are ____________. defensive attributions; self-enhancing; realistic attributions; deliberate. dispositional inferences; automatic; situational inferences; deliberate. temporary inferences; subconscious; stable inferences; conscious. situational attributions; deliberate; dispositional inferences; automatic. 2 points QUE ST ION 42 According to the textbook, which of the following statements about attribution is/are accurate? The more someone’s reaction is confined to a particular situation, the less this reaction says about that individual and the more it says about the specific situation. All other things being equal, the more an individual’s reaction is shared by others, the less it says about the individual and the more it says about the situation. The more an individual’s reaction is specific to one occasion, the harder it is to make a definite attribution to either the person or the situation. All of the above are correct. 2 points QUE ST ION 43 According to the textbook, the self-serving bias can reflect the motivation to feel good about oneself. rational thought processes. sound attributional reasoning. All of the above are correct. 2 points QUE ST ION 44 Sean has tried repeatedly to find a job. After each unsuccessful attempt, he concludes that there is just something about him that will always get in the way of success in his life. Sean is displaying a ____________ explanatory style. selfdefensive maladaptiv e pessimistic selfderogating 2 points QUE ST ION 45 The actor-observer difference is the tendency for actors to make ____________ attributions, whereas observers make ____________ attributions. deductive; inductive distinctive; common global; specific situational; dispositional 2 points QUE ST ION 46 Kyle, a male student, and Gail, a female student, both failed their geography exam. According to research by Dweck and colleagues, Kyle is likely to attribute his failure to his ____________, whereas Gail is likely to attribute her failure to her ____________. parents; teachers. teachers; parents. lack of ability; lack of effort. lack of effort; lack of ability. 2 points QUE ST ION 47 Darby consistently attributes her failures to stable, global, and internal causes. Briana accounts for her failures by citing unstable, specific, external causes. According to research on explanatory style, Darby is likely to earn higher grades than Briana. earn lower grades than Briana. persevere longer on difficult tasks than Briana. give up sooner on difficult tasks than Briana. 2 points QUE ST ION 48 The just world hypothesis refers to the belief that positive events are more likely than negative events. the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get. a tendency to blame our own failures on external events. a tendency to expect the best of people we care about. 2 points QUE ST ION 49 According to the augmentation principle, which action is most likely to be attributed to the personality of the actor? clapping after a musical performance asking a server to return improperly cooked food to the kitchen wearing a tropical shirt and shorts to a wedding all of the above 2 points QUE ST ION 50 In class, Linda had to give a “pro-life” speech on abortion. Before her speech, the teacher told everyone that Linda had been assigned to take this position, regardless of her true beliefs about abortion. Research on the fundamental attribution error suggests that, after class, the other students will not form a judgment without asking Linda about her true attitude. be evenly divided on whether Linda is pro-life or pro-choice. be biased to think that Linda is truly pro-choice. be biased to think that Linda is truly pro-life.