IHI PS 102 Questions and Answers Graded A

IHI PS 102 Questions and Answers Graded A Nearing the end of her 18-hour work shift, a resident sees a patient with extremely high blood glucose levels. She writes the patient a prescription for insulin; however, in her exhaustion, she closes her "U" (for "units"), and it looks more like an extra zero. As a result, the pharmacist dispenses an insulin dose that's ten times stronger than the patient needs. Which of the following is a latent unsafe condition in the system that contributes to the resident's error? (A) Long work schedule (B) Fatigue (C) Inadequate training (D) None of the above (A) Long work schedule To prevent this problem from happening again, which of the following would be the best course of action? (A) Punish the resident and the pharmacist for their careless actions. (B) Require both the resident and the pharmacist to take additional training. (C) Develop a system that prevents messy handwriting from causing miscommunication that leads to error. (D) Ensure that no prescribing physician is ever tired or distracted. (C) Develop a system that prevents messy handwriting from causing miscommunication that leads to error. "Latent errors" are best defined as: (A) Defects in the design and organization of processes and systems. (B) Errors in patient care that don't ever result in harm and thus go undetected. (C) Mistakes in patient care that providers fail to report due to fear of punishment. (D) Errors in patient care that cause immediate adverse effects. (A) Defects in the design and organization of processes and systems. Two women — one named Camilla Tyler, the other named Camilla Taylor — arrive at a particularly busy emergency department at about the same time. Ms. Tyler needs a sedative, and Ms. Taylor needs an antibiotic. The doctor orders the medications, but mixes up the patients when filling out the order sheets. The pharmacist dispenses the medications as ordered, and the nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor. What is the active error in this scenario? (A) The forms are completed by hand at the same time for different patients. (B) The nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor. (C) The emergency department is particularly busy. (D) The pharmacist doesn't notice that the order sheets are incorrectly filled ou (B) The nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor. What is one of the latent errors in this scenario? (A) The emergency department is particularly busy. (B) The nurse administers an antibiotic to Ms. Tyler and a sedative to Ms. Taylor. (C) The forms are completed by hand at the same time for different patients. (D) The two patients in this case have very similar names. (C) The forms are completed by hand at the same time for different patients. According to James Reason, by definition an "unsafe act" always includes: (A) A potential hazard (B) Harm to one or more patients (C) One or more mistakes (D) All of the above (A) A potential hazard Anita, a nurse practitioner, is seeing Mr. Drummond in clinic. Mr. Drummond is a 57-year-old man with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Having kept up on the literature, Anita is aware that tightly controlling his diabetes can slow the progression of his renal disease. She discusses her plan to increase his dose of glargine (long-acting insulin) by 12 units per day with one of the family physicians in the clinic, who agrees. At the end of the day, as she is working on her documentation, she realizes she never told Mr. Drummond to increase his insulin dose. This is an example of what type of error? (A) Lapse (B) Mistake (C) Slip (D) Error of planning (E) Violation (A) Lapse Roger, a pharmacist in a hospital, is working in the discharge pharmacy filling medications for patients who are going home. He sees a prescription for ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic, and he asks his pharmacy technician Mike to fill it quickly, as the patient is waiting and anxious to leave. Mike checks the shelves and sees they are out of ciprofloxacin, but they do have levofloxacin (an antibiotic in the same class that covers most, but not all, of the same types of infections). Mike knows he should usually check with the prescribing physician before making a substitution. However, in the interest of efficiency in this particular case, Mike deems it OK to go ahead. He substitutes the medications. This is an example of what type of unsafe act? (A) Mistake (B) Slip (C) Lapse (D) Error of planning (E) Violation (E) Violation Which of the following is the most significant advantage of shifting to a systems view of safety within health care? (A) It is easier to identify and remove people who are unsafe (B) It allows us to change the conditions under which humans work (C) It prevents human mistakes (D) It allows us to view unsafe acts as violations (E) All of the above (B) It allows us to change the conditions under which humans work At University Hospital, the rate of Clostridium Difficile colitis has doubled during the past year. After reviewing the data, the hospital's senior leaders conclude that this is due to poor hand hygiene on the part of the staff, even though they have a clear hand washing policy in place and don't believe most staff are intentionally disregarding the policy. They decide to start a hand washing campaign and post signs all over the hospital reminding providers to wash their hands. What type of error is this intervention best designed to address? (A) Mistake (B) Slip (C) Lapse (D) Error of Planning (E) Violation (C) Lapse What intervention helped prove that catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) were preventable consequences of care? (A) A new guideline that required all staff to wash their hands with alcohol and soap before inserting a catheter (B) A checklist of evidence-based practices applied consistently and collectively every time a catheter is used (C) A new device that no longer required catheters to inject medications and draw blood (D) A new standard that encouraged providers to take patients off ventilators sooner (B) A checklist of evidence-based practices applied consistently and collectively every time a catheter is used What is one reason that patient safety has shifted to work on reducing harm in addition to preventing errors? (A) Human error has become less common in health care. (B) Harm is more preventable than providers once thought. (C) Identifying errors rarely leads to improvement. (D) Patients are only concerned about errors that cause harm. (B) Harm is more preventable than providers once thought. Which of the following is included in the IHI Global Trigger Tool definition of harm? (A) Psychological harm such as a miscommunication about a diagnosis (B) Financial harm from expensive medical bills (C) The absence of needed care that contributes to harm, such as missed treatment for hypertension that leads to a stroke (D) Physical injury caused by medical care that triggers additional care (D) Physical injury caused by medical care that triggers additional care The Swiss cheese model of accident causation illustrates what important concept in patient safety? (A) Unsafe acts (including errors and violations) are the most important cause of harm to patients. (B) Both latent unsafe conditions and active failures (unsafe acts) contribute to harm. (C) Harm results when the layers of defense in a system fail to prevent a hazard from reaching a patient. (D) B and C (D) B and C Why do some patient safety leaders believe the definition of harm should be broader than the definition in the IHI Global Trigger Tool? (A) Because health care systems have eliminated all harms included in the current definition (B) Because expanding the definition of harm would make it easier to measure (C) Because health care systems should work to prevent more types of harm than the current definition includes (D) Because health care providers aren't usually concerned about harms such as psychological injury (C) Because health care systems should work to prevent more types of harm than the current definition includes