Pathophysiology Rasmussen final Exam with complete solutions

Signs - ANSWER-objectively observed indicators of a disorder Symptoms - ANSWER-the conditions that together tell a doctor what is wrong Homeostasis - ANSWER-A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level benign - ANSWER-mild, not cancerous malignant - ANSWER-cancerous metastasis - ANSWER-spread of cancer cells beyond their original site in the body fluid balance - ANSWER-maintenance of the proper types and amounts of fluid in each compartment of the body fluids Distribution of electrolytes - ANSWER-The distribution has important consequences for the ultimate balance of fluids. Sodium chloride is found mostly in extracellular fluid, while potassium and phosphate are the main ions in the intracellular fluid. fluid excess - ANSWER-Condition that occurs when total body fluid levels are greater than the body's needs. edema - ANSWER-puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER-the presenting signs and symptoms of the disease Clinical Manifestations of edema - ANSWER-localized vs generalized dependent edema pitting edema "third space" swelling and puffiness tighter-fitting clothing and shoes weight gain fluid deficit - ANSWER-Condition that occurs when total body fluid levels are not sufficient to meet the body's needs. Clinical manifestation of fluid deficit - ANSWER-Changes in awareness and mental state. Weakness or tiredness. Weak pulse or dizziness. Thirst. electrolyte balance - ANSWER-Condition when the quantities of electrolytes entering the body equal those leaving it Hyponatremia - ANSWER-low sodium in the blood clinical manifestation: Symptoms include nausea, headache, confusion, and fatigue. complications: Acute hyponatremia can lead to much more severe complications such as cerebral edema, brain disease, herniation of the brain, cardiopulmonary arrest, seizure, coma and even death. acid-base balance - ANSWER-equilibrium between acid and base concentrations in the body fluids Interpretation of acid-base values - ANSWER- inflammatory response - ANSWER-nonspecific defense against infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain active immunity - ANSWER-A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens. passive immunity - ANSWER-An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk Altered Immune Response - ANSWER-Immunocompetence exists when the body's immune system can identify and inactivate or destroy foreign substances. When the immune system is incompetent or underresponsive, severe infections, immunodeficiency diseases, and malignancies occur. When the immune system overreacts, hypersensitivity disorders such as allergies and autoimmune disease may develop. Hypersensitivity-type I - ANSWER-an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance Traumatic musculoskeletal disorder - ANSWER-Contusions were the most common traumatic injuries, followed by sprains and fractures. Of non-traumatic disorders, the lower extremities were reported as the injured part in 43% of the disorders. Lumbar spine disorders were the most common non-traumatic disorders, followed by tendon and joint disorders. Fractures - ANSWER-a crack or break in a bone compartment syndrome - ANSWER-Swelling in a confined space that produces dangerous pressure; may cut off blood flow or damage sensitive tissue. metabolic bone disease - ANSWER-a complex disorder of poorly mineralized bone because of endocrine changes and alterations in vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus metabolism Osteoporosis - ANSWER-A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. Pathogenesis of osteoporosis - ANSWER-Age-related changes in bone cells and matrix Reduced physical activity Genetic factors Body's calcium nutritional state Hormonal influences inflammatory joint disorders - ANSWER-RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, GOUTY ARTHRITIS, AND INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS contact dermatitis - ANSWER-An inflammation of the skin caused by having contact with certain chemicals or substances; many of these substances are used in cosmetology. Peptic Ulcer Disease - ANSWER-A break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum Etiology of peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER-H. pylori Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcers - ANSWER-Defensive factors Mucus Secreted cells of the GI mucosa Forms a barrier to protect underlying cells from acid and pepsin Bicarbonate Secreted by epithelial cells of stomach and duodenum Most remains trapped in mucus layer to neutralize hydrogen ions that penetrate the mucus Blood flow Poor blood flow can lead to ischemia, cell injury, and vulnerability to attack Prostaglandins Stimulate the secretion of mucus and bicarbonate Disorders of the liver - ANSWER--hepatitis -cirrhosis -alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease -liver failure -liver cancer liver disease clinical manifestation - ANSWER-Symptoms vary but may include yellow eyes and skin (jaundice), nausea, abdominal pain and swelling, and swelling of the legs. esophageal varices - ANSWER-enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus Hepatic encephalopathy - ANSWER-liver coma, crazy movements, high amonia level, don't give protien appendicitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the appendix Appendicitis clinical manifestations - ANSWER-severe periumbilical pain followed by NV, shifts to RL quadrant and McBurney's point, movement causes pain, feels good to have R leg flexed intestinal obstruction - ANSWER-partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine caused by a physical obstruction mechanical intestinal obstruction - ANSWER-1. Abdominal distention. 2. Colicky pain. 3. May vomit poo. 4. Bowel sounds high pitched then absent. 5. Diarrhea and constipation. functional intestinal obstruction - ANSWER-results from neurogenic or muscular impairment of peristalsis; example is an ileus incontinence - ANSWER-inability to control bladder and/or bowels overflow incontinence - ANSWER-small amounts of urine leak from a full bladder stress incontinence - ANSWER-the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing functional incontinence - ANSWER-urine loss caused by the inability to reach the toilet because of environmental barriers, physical limitations, loss of memory, or disorientation total incontinence - ANSWER-continuous and unpredictable loss of urine, resulting from surgery, trauma, or physical malformation urinary tract infection (UTI) - ANSWER-infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract cystitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the bladder Cystitis pathogenesis - ANSWER-Inflammatory response secondary to bacterial invasion E.coli responsible for most infections Typically travel "up" Sexual activity Poor hygiene Contraceptive use (diaphragm) Disorders of the Prostate - ANSWER-prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) - ANSWER-Age-associated prostate gland enlargement that can cause urination difficulty. BPH clinical manifestations - ANSWER-1. Frequency. 2. Difficulty starting urine stream. 3. Dysuria. 4. Hematuria. 5. Frequent UTI's. 6. Oliguria aka dribbling. What is erythropoietin (EPO)? - ANSWER-The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in our bone marrow Acute Kidney Injury - ANSWER-rapid-onset disease of the kidneys resulting in a failure to produce urine diuretic AKI phase - ANSWER-Large volume dilute urine 2 days-2 weeks 150-200% normal urine 10-50% normal filtration Oliguric phase - ANSWER-Sudden drop in urine output results in BUN/creatinine elevations, increase sodium, fluid retention Recovery AKI phase - ANSWER-Tubular edema resolves and renal function improves. Prerenal AKI - ANSWER-Cause is "before" Glomerular Apparatus; MOST COMMON AKI *Reduced renal artery blood flow Hypotension, Hypo-perfusion, Cardiogenic Shock, Sepsis, Shock Intrarenal AKI - ANSWER-direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply