PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231: Pathophysiology 2022 Module 1-10 exams

PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231: Pathophysiology 2022 Module 1-10 exams Module 1 exam Question 1 0 / 0 pts What is the definition of “pathophysiology”? Your Answer: The study of the body's responses to changes caused by a disease Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function. Question 2 0 / 0 pts Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. Your Answer: Biologic agents -- bacteria, viruses Physical forces -- trauma, burns Genetic inheritance Chemical agents -- alcohol, drug toxicities Nutritional excesses or deficiencies Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one’s genetic inheritance, and nutritional excesses or deficiencies. Question 3 0 / 0 pts What are the 2 types of risk factors? Your Answer: Congenital conditions -- present at birth Acquired defects -- after birth Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present at birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth). Question 4 0 / 0 pts What is the difference between morphology and histology? Your Answer: Morphology is the structure or form of cells and tissues Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. Question 5 0 / 0 pts Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each. Your Answer: Sign is an objective manifestation -- temperature or changes in pupil size Symptoms is a subjective complaint -- pain, dizziness or troubled breathing A symptom is a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness. A sign is an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, or changes in pupil size. Question 6 0 / 0 pts What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? Your Answer: Family history, physical examination, diagnostic tests The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests. Question 7 0 / 0 pts Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. Your Answer: Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure Reliability is how likely the same result will occur if repeated Sensitivity is the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease Specificity is when people without the disease are tested negative on a given test Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability is how likely the same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease. Specificity are people without the disease who are negative on a given test. Question 8 0 / 0 pts Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. Your Answer: The study of disease occurrence in human populations Epidemiology tracks age, race, and dietary habits Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location. Question 9 0 / 0 pts What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? Your Answer: Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specific time Prevalence is the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time. Prevalence is the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time. Question 10 0 / 0 pts Define mortality and morbidity. Your Answer: Mortality refers to death Morbidity refers to an illness or disease Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one’s life. Mortality statistics deal with the cause of death in a population. Question 11 0 / 0 pts Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. Your Answer: Primary prevention is to remove the risk factors to prevent disease from occurring -- vaccinating children to prevent communicable disease Secondary prevention detects and treat disease early -- checking blood pressure and cholesterol Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration -- specific medications taken after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain medications one must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death. Question 12 0 / 0 pts Why is evidence-based practice important? Your Answer: Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract “the way things have always been done,” and to practice based on clinical research. Question 13 0 / 0 pts What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? Your Answer: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane All eukaryotic cells have three primary structures that are considered the functional components of the cell. These are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane. Question 14 0 / 0 pts What is the function of the nucleus? Your Answer: The nucleus is the command center of the cell and contains hereditary material in the form of DNA and RNA The nucleus is the control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA. Question 15 0 / 0 pts Name 3 structures within the nucleus. Your Answer: Chromatin, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope Question 16 0 / 0 pts What organelles are located in the cytoplasm? Your Answer: Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, and Mitochondria The organelles in the cytoplasm include the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Question 17 0 / 0 pts What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER? Your Answer: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells RER carries ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzyme SER does not carry ribosomes, they synthesize lipid molecules, regulate intracellular calcium, and metabolizes and detoxify certain hormones and drugs The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER has ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone synthesis. Question 18 0 / 0 pts What is the function of the lysosomes,PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 231: Pathophysiology 2022 Module 1-10 exams Module 1 exam Question 1 0 / 0 pts What is the definition of “pathophysiology”? Your Answer: The study of the body's responses to changes caused by a disease Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function. Question 2 0 / 0 pts Name the 5 etiologic factors and give an example if listed. Your Answer: Biologic agents -- bacteria, viruses Physical forces -- trauma, burns Genetic inheritance Chemical agents -- alcohol, drug toxicities Nutritional excesses or deficiencies Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces (trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one’s genetic inheritance, and nutritional excesses or deficiencies. Question 3 0 / 0 pts What are the 2 types of risk factors? Your Answer: Congenital conditions -- present at birth Acquired defects -- after birth Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present at birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth). Question 4 0 / 0 pts What is the difference between morphology and histology? Your Answer: Morphology is the structure or form of cells and tissues Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues. Question 5 0 / 0 pts Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of each. Your Answer: Sign is an objective manifestation -- temperature or changes in pupil size Symptoms is a subjective complaint -- pain, dizziness or troubled breathing A symptom is a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness. A sign is an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen extremity, or changes in pupil size. Question 6 0 / 0 pts What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis? Your Answer: Family history, physical examination, diagnostic tests The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests. Question 7 0 / 0 pts Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. Your Answer: Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure Reliability is how likely the same result will occur if repeated Sensitivity is the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease Specificity is when people without the disease are tested negative on a given test Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability is how likely the same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease. Specificity are people without the disease who are negative on a given test. Question 8 0 / 0 pts Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks. Your Answer: The study of disease occurrence in human populations Epidemiology tracks age, race, and dietary habits Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location. Question 9 0 / 0 pts What is the difference between incidence and prevalence? Your Answer: Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specific time Prevalence is the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time. Prevalence is the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time. Question 10 0 / 0 pts Define mortality and morbidity. Your Answer: Mortality refers to death Morbidity refers to an illness or disease Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one’s life. Mortality statistics deal with the cause of death in a population. Question 11 0 / 0 pts Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each. Your Answer: Primary prevention is to remove the risk factors to prevent disease from occurring -- vaccinating children to prevent communicable disease Secondary prevention detects and treat disease early -- checking blood pressure and cholesterol Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration -- specific medications taken after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain medications one must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death. Question 12 0 / 0 pts Why is evidence-based practice important? Your Answer: Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract “the way things have always been done,” and to practice based on clinical research. Question 13 0 / 0 pts What are the 3 primary structures of the cell? Your Answer: Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Plasma membrane All eukaryotic cells have three primary structures that are considered the functional components of the cell. These are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane. Question 14 0 / 0 pts What is the function of the nucleus? Your Answer: The nucleus is the command center of the cell and contains hereditary material in the form of DNA and RNA The nucleus is the control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary material, DNA and RNA. Question 15 0 / 0 pts Name 3 structures within the nucleus. Your Answer: Chromatin, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope Question 16 0 / 0 pts What organelles are located in the cytoplasm? Your Answer: Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, and Mitochondria The organelles in the cytoplasm include the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Question 17 0 / 0 pts What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER? Your Answer: Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in cells RER carries ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzyme SER does not carry ribosomes, they synthesize lipid molecules, regulate intracellular calcium, and metabolizes and detoxify certain hormones and drugs The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER has ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The smooth ER does not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone synthesis. Question 18 0 / 0 pts What is the function of the lysosomes,