Texas Teacher Certification Test: ELA & Reading with Complete Solutions

Phonemes - ANSWER-basic units of sound Semantics - ANSWER-The way meaning is generated in language also including the way words, phrases, and sentences combine in ways that make sense. How meaning is conveyed in a language through the use of its vocabulary Syntax - ANSWER-The way words are placed, organized, and arranged in a language Language Acquisition is made of 3 main components: - ANSWER-1. innate abilities and mechanism of the learner 2. exposure to the speech of caretakers and parents 3. the interaction of children in their immediate linguistic environment Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - ANSWER-Something all humans are born with that give us the mechanisms and abilities to acquire language. This is universal and adapts to the languages being exposed or learned. Language only emerges if this is triggered by stimuli from people in the child's environment 6 Key components of language: - ANSWER-phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, pragmatics, semantics Phonology - ANSWER-The study of the sound system of language Graphemes - ANSWER-Individual letters that represent phonemes Morphology - ANSWER-Study of the structure of words and word formation Morphemes - ANSWER-the smallest unit of meaning in a language Lexicon - ANSWER-Refers to the vocabulary of a language Ex: the word "hot" -meanings can be temperature, sexy, fashionable, lucky -these meanings can change based on context or historical framework Pragmatics - ANSWER-How context can affect the interpretation of communication. The hidden rules of communication understood by native speakers of the same language Connotation - ANSWER-The implied meaning of words and ideas Denotation - ANSWER-The literal of words and ideas (Dictionary definition) Babbling or Pre-Language Stage - ANSWER-0-6 months. use reflexive crying to communicate. Play vocally Holophrastic or One-Word Stage - ANSWER-11-19 months. Imitate the inflections and facial expression of adults. Can recognize their name and follow simple instructions. Understand word concepts. Two-word Stage - ANSWER-13-24 months. Children produce rudimentary phrases characterized by a combination of pivot and open words. Pivot word - ANSWER-Words that accomplish multiple functions (no, up, all, see, more, and gone) Open word - ANSWER-Word that refer to one concept (home, milk, doggy, juice, pants) Telegraphic stage - ANSWER-18-27 months. The child is beyond two-word communication. Most words are content words that convey more meaning and can be used in multiple situations. Children use words as they have heard them. Includes nouns, adjectives, and verbs but prepositions and articles are limited Dramatic Play - ANSWER-A type of play where students get the opportunity to role-play simulations of real life Language Play - ANSWER-A type of play involving rhyme, alliteration, songs, and repetitive patterns What are the four classifications of language disorders? - ANSWER-Voice Fluency Articulation Language Processing What are two types of voice disorders? - ANSWER-Phonation disorder and Resonance disorder What are two types of disorders? - ANSWER-Stuttering and Clustering _______________ is an articulation problem. - ANSWER-Lisping What is a brain-based disturbance that causes language processing disorders? - ANSWER-Aphasia What are the three types of aphasia and what do they affect? - ANSWER-Receptive Aphasia: creates problems with listening comprehension and retrieval of words Expressive Aphasia: causes problems with speaking ability as well as articulation and fluency Global Aphasia: affects the receptive and expressive features of language. (AKA "irreversible aphasia") What is Phonological Awareness? - ANSWER-The ability to recognize and manipulate components of the sound system and structure of words; the ability to segment words into syllables and phonemes; the ability to discriminate, remember, and manipulate words in sentences as well as sounds within a word. What is Phonemic Awareness? - ANSWER-A component of Phonological Awareness A child understands that words have smaller components called sounds (phonemes) Words can be dissected into each phoneme and put back to recreate the word. What is syllabication? - ANSWER-It is the ability to conceptualize and separate words into syllables What 3 things do syllables influence? - ANSWER-Rhythm of Language Poetic Meter Word Stress How many levels of stress do English words have? - ANSWER-4: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary The identification of the _______________ and __________________ stress is vital to produce a standard pronunciation. - ANSWER-primary and secondary What is Phonemic Stress? - ANSWER-A form of lexical stress in which the location of the stress in a word can change its meaning. Ex: present What is sentence stress and intonation patterns used for? - ANSWER-To highlight a segment of the sentence or to modify the sentences What is the alphabetic principle? - ANSWER-The ability to connect letters with sounds, and to create words based on these associations. What are the 3 stages of the Alphabetic Principle and what do they encompass? - ANSWER-1. Pre-Alphabetic Phase: Children connect the shape of the letters with the sound they represent 2. Full Alphabetic Stage: Children connect the letters with the sounds they represent as well as the meaning of the word 3. Consolidated Alphabetic Stage: Children conceptualize how they can use components of words they know to decode new words What are the 3 common writing systems? - ANSWER-Logographic