Summary Full overview ALL UNITS of IGCSE Environmental Management
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Course
IGCSE Envirmonmental Management
Institution
IGCSE Envirmonmental Management
This is a summary of all the subjects that fall under the Cambridge international exam. It was done by me, a teacher who is dedicated to teaching this specific topic, and that is why this summary is composed of logical explanations of concepts, advantages and disadvantages, detailed descriptions an...
COMPLETE AND EXTENSE SUMMERY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR THE
IGCSE EXAMS
By: Eduardo Andres Bottelli Chaher
,Chapter 1: Rocks and minerals and their
exploitation
Topic One (1.1): Formation of Rocks
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
describe and interpret the rock cycle
state and explain the formation and characteristics of the following
named rocks: igneous – granite and basalt; sedimentary – limestone,
sandstone and shale; metamorphic – marble and slate.
Key Points:
Igneous rocks form when molten rock from the core and upper mantle
cools. Igneous rocks usually contain crystals. Examples include basalt
and granite.
Metamorphic rocks are created by exposure to heat and pressure. These
rocks contain crystals. Examples are marble and slate.
Sedimentary rocks are formed from the weathering of existing rocks,
accumulation of living material, and precipitation of dissolved materials.
These rocks do not contain crystals but may contain fossils. Examples
include limestone and sandstone.
Useful links:
INTERACT - The Rock Cycle Diagram (Annenberg Learner)
Topic Two (1.2): Extraction of Rocks and Minerals from the
Earth
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
describe the following methods of extraction of rocks and minerals from
the Earth:
surface mining (opencast/open-pit/open-cut/strip mining)
subsurface mining (deep mining/shaft mining)
discuss the factors that affect the decision to extract rocks and minerals:
o exploration
o geology
o accessibility
o environmental impact assessment
o supply and demand.
Key Points:
Prospecting for minerals can involve: remote sensing methods such as
aerial photography, identification of radiation patterns, and satellite
images; geochemical analysis of field samples; and geophysics (use of
shock waves).
, Surface mining occurs when a resource is near the surface. Overburden
is removed so that the pit is ‘open’. Strip mining occurs along a seam of
mineral deposits.
Subsurface mining involves digging tunnels below ground.
Whether a rock or mineral is extracted depends on a wide range of
factors, including:
o cost of exploration and extraction
o geology
o climate
o accessibility
o environmental impact
o supply and demand.
, Topic Two (1.2): Energy Resources and the Generation of
Electricity
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
classify the following energy resources as non-renewable or renewable:
fossil fuels, nuclear power, biofuels (bioethanol, biogas and wood);
geothermal power, hydro-electric power, tidal power, wave power, solar
power, wind power
describe how each of these energy resources is used to generate
electricity
describe the environmental, economic and social advantages and
disadvantages of each of the energy resources.
Key Points:
Renewable energy sources cannot be used up or can be replaced. Non-
renewable energy sources are finite; they can be used up and cannot be
replaced.
Most energy sources are used to create electricity through
electromagnetic induction. Either a power source (fossil fuels, biomass,
nuclear, geothermal) is used to create steam, which turns a turbine
connected to a generator, or the energy source turns the turbine directly
(wind, wave, hydro-electric power). Solar energy creates energy using
photovoltaic cells.
Each energy source has its own complex advantages and
disadvantages.
Useful links:
READ - Exploring Nuclear Energy (NEED)
WATCH - Renewable Energy Powering the World (TED)
Topic Three (1.3): Energy Demand
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
describe and explain the factors affecting demand for energy, including:
domestic demand
industrial demand
transport
personal and national wealth
Key Points:
Energy demand is predicted to continue increasing for another 40 years,
although demand varies hugely around the world.
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